{"id":25,"date":"2023-12-18T16:13:33","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T16:13:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/chapter\/correctness\/"},"modified":"2024-01-16T19:54:39","modified_gmt":"2024-01-16T19:54:39","slug":"correctness","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/chapter\/correctness\/","title":{"raw":"Correctness","rendered":"Correctness"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"correctness\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\"><strong>Learning objectives<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Recognize the parts of speech.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Distinguish phrases from clauses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Recognize the four types of sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Understand how to punctuate the four types of sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Use apostrophes and colons correctly.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Learn\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">One of the best ways to ensure that others consider you a professional is to write like a professional, and professional writers don\u2019t make careless mistakes. Consider this: If you attended a presentation, would you take the information you received seriously if the speaker showed up wearing ratty jeans, flip-flops, and a stained T-shirt?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_68\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-68\" src=\"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-300x186.jpg\" alt=\"A pair of lower legs in torn jeans and tennis shoes with no socks standing on a window ledge.\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" \/> Figure 2.1 Casual wear isn\u2019t good for professional presentations.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">What if the speaker passed out handouts that they\u2019d handwritten in purple pen with words crossed out and replaced?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Fair or not, impressions matter, and when you are not physically present, your writing represents you. If your writing includes errors, you are damaging your credibility and increasing the likelihood that your readers will assume<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You don\u2019t know any better<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You\u2019re too lazy to proofread<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You don\u2019t care<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You can\u2019t be trusted to do a good job<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If this is how your colleagues assess your abilities, your career is in serious danger.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">I understand that learning about grammar and punctuation might not be your idea of fun. Honestly, I don\u2019t love exercising, but I exercise because I know the benefits outweigh the negatives (pain, sweat, etc.). The same is true when it comes to learning how to write correctly. Besides, you must know it\u2019s important, or you wouldn\u2019t have chosen this book! Grammar and punctuation are big topics, and we could devote hundreds of pages to them. But our goal isn\u2019t to cover everything.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Our goal is to give you the big pictures so that you can avoid making the most common errors. If you want more detail, you can buy the <em>Chicago Manual of Style<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We\u2019ll cover these topics in this module:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Parts of speech<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Clauses<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Phrases<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Sentence types<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Agreement<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Quotation marks, colons, and apostrophes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If we break something complicated into pieces, we can understand it more easily, so we\u2019re going to start by looking at the basic building blocks of any sentence\u2014the parts of speech, the clause, and the phrase.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Parts of Speech<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Before you can understand either grammar or punctuation, you have to understand the basic pieces of a sentence.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We use nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Part of Speech<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Noun<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">person, place, or thing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">woman, house, Australia<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word used in place of a noun<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">he, his, they, it<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Verb<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word that expresses action<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">run, walk, seem, is, write<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Adverb<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word that describes anything other than a noun<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">quickly, cautiously, well<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Adjective<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word that describes a noun<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">old, broken, intelligent<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Article<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a, an, the<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Prepositions<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">words that identify time or position<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">before, until, with, under<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Conjunctions<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">words that combine a series of words, phrases, or clauses<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">and, but, however<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Interjections<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">words used to express strong emotions<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">ouch!, wow!, darn!<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.1864%;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.8078%;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.2806%;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You will combine the parts of speech to form clauses and phrases.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Clauses<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">There are two types of clauses:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Independent (a complete sentence): I ate dinner.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Dependent (not a complete sentence): although I ate dinner.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A sentence must have at least one independent clause, but it does not have to have a dependent clause.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 40px;\">Independent clauses must have both a noun and a verb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">The noun acts as the <strong>subject<\/strong> of the sentence\u2014who or what is doing the action of the verb.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">The verb and any adverbs or adjectives make up the <strong>predicate<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIndependent clauses can also be called simple sentences:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">independent clause = simple sentence<\/p>\r\nEvery sentence must have a subject.\r\n<h4>Subjects<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The bones of a sentence are its subject. The subject is either who or what is doing the action of the sentence\u2019s verb, or what the sentence is about:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>The subject is bolded in the following examples<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>The dog<\/strong> chased me down the street.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Nancy<\/strong> left the party.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>The meeting<\/strong> was canceled.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In the first sentence, the dog performs the action, and in the second sentence, Nancy does. In the last sentence, the meeting tells us what the sentence is about.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">The subject is like the bones of a body because it supports everything happening in the sentence. Subjects come in different forms, but usually subjects are one of these:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Nouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A person, place, or thing (e.g., Michael, the woman, the experiment)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Michael<\/strong> completed the experiment.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Gerunds<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A participial verb (a verb that ends in <strong>ing<\/strong>) being used as a noun (e.g., smoking, running, eating)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Running<\/strong> strengthens your heart.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A noun that renames someone or something (e.g., he, she, it, they, we, us, there)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>She<\/strong> runs five miles every day.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Relative pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A pronoun that begins a relative clause (a type of dependent clause) (e.g., who, whom, which, that)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I know someone <strong>who<\/strong> runs ten miles a day.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Below are more examples of different subjects.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-TableCaption\">Examples of parts of speech<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Part of Speech<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>In Action<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Noun<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A person, place, or thing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Michael, the report, the supervisor<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The CFO approved the budget.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Gerund<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A participial verb (a verb that ends in \"ing\u201d) used as a noun<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Smoking, running, managing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Managing monthly expenditures is part of the job.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A noun that renames something<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">He, she, it, they, we, us, this, these<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">He accepted the position.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Relative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A pronoun that begins with a relative clause<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Who, whom, which, that<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">My supervisor, who has worked here five years, just received a promotion.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Subjects don\u2019t work alone. They need verbs to make things happen.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Verbs<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The portion of the sentence that contains the verb is called the predicate. The predicate is everything that comes after the subject.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-TableCaption\">Predicates in action<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">Subject<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">Predicate<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">I<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">submitted the proposal to Gary.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">George<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">sold his father\u2019s clothes to the thrift shop.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Bob<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">wants a new car for Christmas.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">The predicate always contains a verb and may also contain a direct object, possibly an indirect object, or a subject complement. Nouns always act as objects and complements. The verb will determine which of these it contains. The muscle of a clause is the verb\u2014the word or words that provide the action.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I (subject) submitted (verb) the proposal (direct object) to Gary (indirect object).<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">There are four types of verbs:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Transitive<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Intransitive<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Linking<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">To be<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5>Transitive Verbs<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A transitive verb always takes a direct object. The direct object tells us to whom or what the action was done.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6>Direct Objects<\/h6>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A transitive verb needs a direct object to complete its meaning. This is because a transitive verb indicates an action that must be done to someone or something. For example, you can\u2019t just \"throw\" you must throw something. The something you throw is the direct object of the verb:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She threw a <strong>fit<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">My father bought a new <strong>car<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">He lifted the heavy <strong>load<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In each case, the subject of the sentence does the action (threw, bought, lifted) to something (fit, car, load).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6>Indirect Objects<\/h6>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A direct object may be followed by an indirect object\u2014a noun or pronoun that tells to whom or for whom the action of the sentence is being done. For example, if you throw a ball, you normally throw it to someone. If you serve dinner, you serve it to someone.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Look at these examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">John threw the ball (direct object) to the boy (indirect object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The wait person served dinner (direct object) to her guests (indirect object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I told my secret (direct object ) to him (indirect object).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Indirect objects can also come before direct objects:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">John threw the boy (indirect object) his ball (direct object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The waiter served her guests (indirect object) dinner (direct object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I told him (indirect object) my secret (direct object).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">As you can see, indirect objects can come before or after the direct object. Unlike transitive verbs, intransitive verbs do not need an object to complete their meaning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>Intransitive Verbs<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">An intransitive verb makes sense all by itself and doesn\u2019t require an object to take its action. For example, you have to throw something, but you don\u2019t have to sleep something. You just sleep. Look at these examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The goldfish died.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The movie ended.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I slept.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Although intransitive verbs don\u2019t have objects, they can have adverbs that describe how the action was done:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The goldfish died <strong>suddenly<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The movie ended <strong>early<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I slept <strong>badly<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5>Linking<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A linking verb links the subject and subject complement. The subject complement describes or identifies the subject. The linking verbs include:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">look<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">become<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">stay<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">seem<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">grow<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">prove<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">smell<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">appear<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">remain<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">feel<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">sound<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Linking verbs are always followed by a subject complement. The subject complement describes or renames the subject:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The cat looks <strong>sick<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The tree grew <strong>tall<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The chemicals smell <strong>terrible<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5>To Be Verbs<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To be verbs include all forms of the verb \"to be\":<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">to be<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">am<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">was<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">being<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">is<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">were<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">been<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">are<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">have been<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Like linking verbs, to-be verbs are followed by a subject complement:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The house is a <strong>mansion<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Last night, I was <strong>tired<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Our experiment is a <strong>lost cause<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">While every clause must have a subject and a verb, not every clause is independent. In fact, there are three types of clauses:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Independent<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Dependent<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Relative<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Understanding the difference between these three is crucial to your understanding of what a sentence is and how to punctuate it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Types of Clauses<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You already know that a clause has a subject and a predicate\u2014which should mean that all clauses can stand alone. However, some clauses have been weakened by the addition of a word called a \"subordinating conjunction.\"<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Subordinating conjunctions make clauses so weak they must depend on another clause to complete their meaning and support them. These weak clauses are called \"dependent\" clauses because they cannot stand alone and must be supported by an independent clause. Clauses that begin with relative pronouns are called relative clauses. They cannot stand alone either unless they are questions. Let\u2019s look at each type of clause:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>Independent Clauses<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">An independent clause is a simple sentence that can stand alone. It has both a subject and a verb, and depending on the type of verb, either a direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or phrase:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I like to listen (transitive verb) to music (direct object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Sara is (to-be verb) my best friend (subject complement).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I adopted (transitive verb) a new puppy (direct object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I slept (intransitive) on the sofa (prepositional phrase).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">While an independent clause can stand alone, a dependent clause must be combined with an independent clause because the independent clause completes its meaning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>Dependent Clauses<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you add a subordinating conjunction to an independent clause, you make it dependent. The following is a list of commonly used subordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">after<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">because<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">in order that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">than<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">when<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">although<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">before<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">now that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whenever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">though<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">where<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">as if<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">even<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">though<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">rather than<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">till<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whereas<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">as long as<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">if<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">since<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">unless<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">wherever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">as though<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">if only<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">so that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">until<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">while<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Placing any of these words at the beginning of an independent clause will make it dependent.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I like to listen to music <strong>because it relaxes me<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Although I haven\u2019t known Sara long,<\/strong> she is my best friend.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">My dog is very fat <strong>because he eats the cat\u2019s food<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In each of the examples above, we combined a dependent clause that would not make sense alone, with an independent clause that completed its meaning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">We\u2019ll talk about this more later, but notice that you only put a comma AFTER a dependent clause when it comes BEFORE the independent clause.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h5>Relative Clauses<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Relative clauses are also dependent, but in this case, they are dependent because they begin with a relative pronoun:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">which<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">what<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">who<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whom<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whatever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whose<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whoever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whomever<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Like a dependent clause, a relative clause must combine with an independent clause that finishes its meaning, <strong>unless<\/strong> it is used as a question:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I like to listen to music (independent clause) <strong>that is slow<\/strong> (relative clause) because it relaxes me (dependent clause).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Although I haven\u2019t known her long, Sara, <strong>who lives next door<\/strong> (relative clause in middle of dependent clause), is my best friend.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">My dog is very fat because he eats the cat\u2019s food, <strong>which makes the cat angry<\/strong> (relative clause).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"correctness\">\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Relative clauses can be independent when they are questions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Who called?<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You can\u2019t have a sentence without a clause. Phrases, on the other hand, are optional rather than required.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Phrases<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Phrases aren\u2019t essential, but they add detail and interest. They add style.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">A phrase is a string of two or more words, but it can\u2019t stand alone as a sentence because it doesn\u2019t have both a subject and a verb; it has one or the other but not both. Consequently, phrases can provide extra information about the subject or verbs of an independent clause, and they can act as the object or complement of the subject. However, phrases cannot stand alone:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Until last night<\/strong>, I slept in a warm bed.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this example, the phrase \"until last night\" tells us when the action of the independent clause \"I slept in a warm bed\" occurred.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>For the next seven days<\/strong>, I will sleep <strong>on the hard ground<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this example, we have two phrases. The first, \"for the next seven days,\" tells us when the action occurs, and the second phrase, \"on the hard ground,\" tells us where.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Tina\u2019s <strong>big brown<\/strong> eyes quickly scanned the page of text <strong>in front of her<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this sentence, the phrase \"big brown\" describes Tina\u2019s eyes, while the phrase \"in front of her\" tells us where the text is.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I enjoy <strong>long evening walks<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this last example, the phrase \"long evening walks\" acts as the direct object of enjoy.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Phrases come in many types, but they all have one thing in common; they have either a subject OR a verb, not both:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Prepositional phrases<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Begin with prepositions: under the bridge, over the rainbow, into the wild<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I saved the proposal <strong>on my computer<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Verbal phrases<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Begin with some form of a verb: running the meeting, to wander the world, determined to win<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I stopped her <strong>leaving the meeting<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Gerund phrases<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Like gerunds, always act as nouns: smoking paraphernalia, swimming gear<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Don\u2019t go to the beach without <strong>swimming gear<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Noun phrases<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Can work as adjectives and describe other nouns, or they can be subject complements or objects:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I don\u2019t know why she adopted the <strong>big ugly cat<\/strong> (direct object).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">John Banks, <strong>the new CFO<\/strong> (adjective), has twenty years of experience.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The new project is <strong>one big challenge<\/strong> (subject complement).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Now that you understand the building blocks of a sentence, let\u2019s talk about the different types of sentences. But first, let\u2019s look at one of those reviews we promised.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You can find all the review answers in the appendix at the end of the book.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Review 1<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each of the following as either a phrase, an independent clause, or a dependent clause.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Presenting the report<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">The engineers wrote it<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although they collaborated with the chemists<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Late last night<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">From the board of directors<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Review 2<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each clause (in bold) as dependent, independent, or relative.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Although I worked all night<\/strong>, I still didn\u2019t finish my report.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">I didn\u2019t finish <strong>because I lost my power<\/strong>, and I hadn\u2019t saved my file.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>I should know better<\/strong> since I\u2019ve been working as a technical communicator for five years.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">I had to start from scratch, <strong>which was very frustrating<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Since I\u2019ve never missed a deadline before, <strong>my team leader gave me an extension<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Review 3<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">For each sentence, identify the subject; identify the verb; determine if the verb is transitive, intransitive, linking, or to be; and determine if the verb has a direct object, indirect object, or subject complement.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">For many people, working from home is a new experience.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">It was for me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">At first, I felt unmotivated, but I learned to stick to a schedule.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">I have become very productive, and I can do more in less time because I have no distractions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">I will continue to work from home after the quarantine is lifted.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Sentence Types<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Now that you are familiar with the pieces that make up a sentence, you can begin combining those pieces to make the four types of sentences:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Simple<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Compound<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Complex<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Compound complex<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To make it easier, we will use these abbreviations:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 584px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Term<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Abbreviation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Independent clause<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">IC<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dependent clause<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">DC<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Coordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">CC<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Subordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">SC<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Conjunctive adverb<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">CA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Correlative conjunction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">COC<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Phrase<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">P<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Comma<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">C<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\r\n<td style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Semicolon<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Semi<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We suggest you print out this list of abbreviations and keep it by your computer for quick reference.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Simple Sentences<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A simple sentence is one independent clause and possibly one or more phrases. A phrase can come at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or in the middle of the sentence. A simple sentence never has more than one independent clause and never has a dependent clause.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Simple sentence: one independent clause and one or more phrases<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Look at these examples. Each sentence is followed by its formula:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Historical (adjective) events (subject) are (to-be verb) often (adverb) made (subject complement) into movies (prepositional phrase). IC + P<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: middle; background-color: #afd095; border-bottom: solid windowtext 0pt; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-ListContents\" style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt;\"><strong>Note<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #f6f9d4; border-bottom: solid windowtext 0pt; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">At the end of this chapter, we\u2019ll provide a list of all the formulas. Print that also!<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">A few years ago (noun phrase), a movie (subject) based on the battle (phrase) of the Alamo (phrase) was (to-be verb) made (subject complement).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">P + IC (with two phrases embedded within it)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">A producer (subject) turned (verb) the Trojan War (direct object) into a movie (phrase).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + P<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Historical movies (subject) are (to-be verb) popular (subject complement).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5>Punctuating Simple Sentences<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Simple sentences are easy to punctuate because you only need to remember a few rules:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A simple sentence with no phrases requires only a period at the end.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I left work early.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When a phrase comes before the independent clause, you follow it with a comma.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Late last night, I heard a screen door slam.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When a phrase comes after an independent clause, you don\u2019t need a comma.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">A taxi took my old man.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Simple sentences are very useful, but compound sentences let you show relationships between ideas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Compound Sentences<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses and may include phrases. You can combine independent clauses using<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Coordinating conjunctions<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Conjunctive adverbs<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Correlative conjunctions<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Because the punctuation is different for each, you need to know the difference.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You can find a list of these terms on the following pages:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Coordinating <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">c<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">onjunctions, pp. 44-45<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Conjunctive <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">a<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">dverbs, pp. 45-46<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Correlative <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">c<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">onjunctions, p. 46<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">It is absolutely essential that you learn the words in these lists because the difference between using a comma and a semicolon is based on whether it follows a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h4>Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Coordinating conjunctions combine independent clauses to make compound sentences. Because the list is short, you can easily memorize it:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">and<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">but<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">for<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">nor<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">or<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">so<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">yet<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Each of these words indicates a different relationship between the two independent clauses it combines, so choose carefully. These words help your reader understand the relationships between the concepts you are explaining:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">And: in addition to<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">But: contrast<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">For: as a result of<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Nor: neither<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Or: one or the other<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">So: cause and effect<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Yet: thus, as a result of<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I like to watch movies, <strong>but<\/strong> I prefer to read books.<\/div>\r\n<h4>Conjunctive Adverbs<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Conjunctive adverbs also combine one independent clause with another. However, because you have many more from which to choose, you can show more sophisticated relationships between ideas:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">accordingly<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">furthermore<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">meanwhile<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">similarly<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">also<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">hence<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">moreover<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">still<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">anyway<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">however<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">nevertheless<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">then<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">besides<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">incidentally<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">next<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">thereafter<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">certainly<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">indeed<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">nonetheless<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">therefore<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">consequently<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">instead<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">now<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">thus<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">finally<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">likewise<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">otherwise<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">undoubtedly<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Again, you must choose carefully to ensure that your sentences mean what you intend:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I don\u2019t want to go out to dinner; <strong>instead<\/strong>, I am learning to cook.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I have a black belt in karate, <strong>but<\/strong> I am learning Judo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Correlative Conjunctions<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Correlative conjunctions are only used in pairs, and they link grammatically equal units\u2014like independent clauses:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">both-and<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">neither-nor<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">either-or<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">not only\u2013but also<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">just as\u2013so<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whether-or<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To use a correlative conjunction, place one comma after the first independent clause:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Either<\/strong> you clean your room, <strong>or<\/strong> you can move out.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Both<\/strong> of us rent this apartment, <strong>and<\/strong> both of us will clean it.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Not only<\/strong> are you a slob, <strong>but <\/strong>you <strong>also <\/strong>eat my food.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Punctuating Compound Sentences<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">We use three types of punctuation\u2014periods, semicolons, and commas\u2014to punctuate compound sentences. However, as I said before, in order to know which punctuation mark to use, you must recognize what type of word is combining the clauses you write:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Coordinating conjunction<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Conjunctive adverb<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Correlative conjunction<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5>Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To create a compound sentence using a coordinating conjunction, follow these rules:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the first clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the coordinating conjunction after the comma.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The formula is simple:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">IC + C + CC + IC = I went on vacation, and I lost my passport.<\/div>\r\n<h5>Conjunctive Adverbs<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Unlike coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs take both semicolons and commas. To use a conjunctive adverb, follow these rules:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-BodyText\">\u00a0Place a semicolon after the first independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-BodyText\">Place a comma after the conjunctive adverb.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You need an independent clause on either side of the conjunctive adverb in order to use a semicolon and comma. Otherwise you only use commas with the conjunctive adverb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + Semi + SC + C + IC = I had to stay in Aruba for two extra weeks; however, I didn\u2019t mind.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC = I was, however, short on cash.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5>Correlative Conjunctions<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Like coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions only take a comma. Follow these rules when using them:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the first correlative conjunction at the beginning of the first clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the first clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the second correlative conjunction at the beginning of the second clause.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">CC + IC + C + CC + IC<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Either I enjoy watching movies, or I listen to music.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Complex Sentences<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A complex sentence must have two things\u2014at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">The dependent clause can come first or last. A clause is made independent when you add one of these as the first word of the clause:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Subordinating conjunction<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Relative pronoun<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Subordinating Conjunctions<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Below is a list of commonly used subordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">after<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">if<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">though<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">although<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">in order that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">unless<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">as<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">now that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">until<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">as if<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">once<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">when<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">as though<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">rather than<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whenever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">because<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">since<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">where<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">before<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">so that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whereas<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">even though<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">wherever<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Although I\u2019ve never been to Aruba, I would like to go.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">SC + IC + C + IC<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I may take my vacation in June rather than going home for Christmas.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + SC + IC<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Relative Pronouns<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A clause can also be made dependent by the addition of a relative pronoun:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">which<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whom<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">what<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">who<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whoever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whatever<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whose<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">whomever<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The girl <strong>who<\/strong> sits next to me is my neighbor.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She just moved in, <strong>which<\/strong> is why I\u2019ve never met her.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Punctuating Complex Sentences<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Creating complex sentences using subordinating conjunctions allows you to show how one idea is supported by another.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>Subordinating Conjunctions<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Consider the following rules when using coordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Add a subordinating conjunction to either the first or second of your independent clauses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, place a comma after it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">As the many books written about them prove, Bonnie and Clyde were notorious gangsters.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">SC + IC + C + IC<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03. If the dependent clause is last, you do not need any punctuation but a period at the end.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">They captured the public\u2019s imagination because they were just two ordinary kids from Dallas.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">IC + SC + IC<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5>Relative Pronouns<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use relative pronouns, how you punctuate is based on whether the information in the clause is essential or extra.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Essential: Use \"who\" or \"that\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-BodyText\">If the clause is essential but does not refer to a person, use \"that\" or \u201cwho\u201d and do not use commas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">He sent for a doctor <strong>who pronounced the victim dead<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The only information that identifies the doctor is the fact that she pronounced the victim dead.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + (that) DC<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Love <strong>that is blind<\/strong> is less valuable than love <strong>that is unconditional<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Because we are comparing two types of the same thing, love, the description of each type is essential, so no commas are needed. Also, notice that the dependent clause is embedded with the independent clause:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Subject + DC + To Be Verb + Subject Complement + DC + Subject + To Be Verb + Subject Complement + DC<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 22.5pt;\">2. If the clause does not contain essential information, start it with \"which\" and use commas. Also refer to people as \"who\" or \"whom\" whether the information is essential or not.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Michael, <strong>who lives next door<\/strong>, found her.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The person who found the victim is identified by his name, so where he lives is not essential.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Subject + (who) DC + Verb + Object<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The black VW bug, <strong>which was at the first dealer<\/strong>, is a better deal than the yellow VW bug, <strong>which is at this lot<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The writer has identified each car by its color, so the information about its location in not essential and commas were used.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Subject + (which) + Linking Verb + Subject Complement + Object of Complement + DC<\/div>\r\n<h3>Compound Complex Sentences<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A compound complex sentence is exactly what it sounds like\u2014a combination of a compound sentence with a complex sentence. So it must have these elements:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">At least two independent clauses combined with either a coordinating conjunction, conjunctive adverb, or correlative conjunction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">At least one dependent clause.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Some scientists believe the earth\u2019s climate is changing (IC) and (CC) more major storms are occurring (IC) because pollution is causing a greenhouse effect (DC).<\/div>\r\n<h4>Punctuating Compound Complex Sentences<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The great thing about punctuating compound complex sentences is that you simply use the rules that you have already learned for compound and complex sentences.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>Coordinating Conjunction<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use a coordinating conjunction,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the first independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the coordinating conjunction after the comma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the dependent clause either before or after either independent clause.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Although pollution may cause global warming, we must ask ourselves if all pollution is responsible or if only human pollution is responsible.<\/div>\r\n<h5>Conjunctive Adverb<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use a conjunctive adverb,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a semicolon after the first independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a subordinating conjunction after the semicolon.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the subordinating conjunction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Follow this with another independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Add a dependent clause before or after one of the independent clauses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I suspect only human pollution is responsible; however, I have no data to support my hypothesis because I am not a scientist.<\/div>\r\n<h5>Correlative Conjunction<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use a correlative conjunction,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the first correlative conjunction at the beginning of the first independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the second correlative conjunction at the beginning of the second clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Add a dependent clause before or after one of the independent clauses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Either human pollution is to blame or environmental pollution is to blame because it cannot be both.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Review Exercises<\/h4>\r\n<h5>Review 1<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each sentence type.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global, we must improve our communication skills.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise, you need to be an effective communicator if you want to move up the career ladder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate verbally and in writing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important, most employers rank writing as the most important skill, so you must develop your skills as a writer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Whether you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients, the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h5>Review 2<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify the phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses in each sentence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global, we must improve our communication skills.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise, you need to be an effective communicator if you want to move up the career ladder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate verbally and in writing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important, most employers rank writing as the most important skill, so you must develop your skills as a writer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients, the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h5>Review 3<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Correct the punctuation in the following sentences.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Your skills as a writer apply to more than just writing emails, because business is all about presentation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Owners aim to set up an effective online presence; and, that online presence requires content.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Online content helps potential customers discover the company and its products so to attain this goal, companies create websites, blogs, and social media accounts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Quality content is a decisive factor here, therefore a person, who can present business in the best light and convince people to buy products or services, is an irreplaceable employee.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">It is time to improve your business communication skills, otherwise, your coworkers will leave you behind.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Answer Key<\/h4>\r\n<h5>Review 1<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each sentence type.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global, we must improve our communication skills.\r\nThis sentence is complex.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise, you need to be an effective communicator if you want to move up the career ladder.\r\nThis sentence is compound.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate verbally and in writing.\r\nThis sentence is simple.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important, most employers rank writing as the most important skill, so you must develop your skills as a writer.\r\nThis sentence is compound complex.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Whether you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients, the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization.\r\nThis sentence is complex.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h5>Review 2<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify the phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses in each sentence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global (DC), we must improve our communication skills (IC).\r\nThe subordinating conjunction \"because\" makes the clause \"because the workplace is global\" dependent. The next clause, \"we must improve our communication skills is an independent clause that contains the phrase, \u201cour communication skills,\" which acts as the direct object of \"improve.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise (P), you need to be an effective communicator (IC) if you want to move up the career ladder (DC).\r\n\"Regardless of your area of expertise\" is a phrase because it has no verb; because of your expertise, what? The phrase modifies the independent clause, which is combined with a dependent clause using the subordinating conjunction \"if.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate (phrase as direct object) verbally and in writing (phrase acting as indirect object) (IC).\r\nThe phrase \"how to communicate\" is the direct object of the verb \"know\" because it answers the question, What must you know? \"Verbally and in writing\" is the indirect object of \"communicate\" because it answers the question, How must you communicate?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important (DC), most employers rank writing as the most important skill (IC), so you must develop your skills as a writer (IC).\r\nBecause it begins with the subordinating conjunction \"although,\" the clause \"although both skills are important\" is dependent. The next independent clause finishes its meaning and is combined with the last independent clause by the coordinating conjunction \"so.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients (DC), the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization (IC).\r\n\"Because you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients\" is dependent because it begins with the subordinating conjunction \"because.\" Its meaning is completed by the independent clause that follows.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h5>Review 3<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Correct the punctuation in the following sentences.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Your skills as a writer apply to more than just writing emails, because business is all about presentation.\r\nThe comma after \"emails\" should be deleted because the dependent clause comes AFTER the independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Owners aim to set up an effective online presence; and, that online presence requires content.\r\nChange the semicolon after \"presence\" to a comma, and remove the comma after \"and.\" \"And\" is a coordinating conjunction, so it only takes a comma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Online content helps potential customers discover the company and its products, so to attain this goal, companies create websites, blogs, and social media accounts.\r\nBecause \"so\" is a coordinating conjunction combining two independent clauses, a comma is needed after the first independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Quality content is a decisive factor here, therefore a person who can present business in the best light and convince people to buy products or services is an irreplaceable employee.\r\nBecause \"therefore\" is a conjunctive adverb, a semicolon goes after the first independent clause, and a comma goes after \"therefore.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">It is time to improve your business communication skills, otherwise, your coworkers will leave you behind.\r\nBecause \"otherwise\" is a conjunctive adverb, a semicolon goes after the first independent clause, and a comma goes after \"otherwise.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Agreement<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When we think about agreeing, we think about sharing the same opinion with someone else. Actually, grammatical agreement isn\u2019t that different. When we say a sentence agrees, we mean that the elements in the sentence are either all singular or all plural, all first, second, or third person. Specifically, we need to understand<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Subject-verb agreement<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Noun-antecedent agreement<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Because you are already very familiar with subjects and verbs, we\u2019ll start there.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Subject-Verb Agreement<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">As you already know, every sentence has both a subject and a verb. When we are making sure our subjects and verbs agree, that\u2019s what we focus on. We can ignore any phrases or objects.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Let\u2019s look at some examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nUntil the audit ends, I (subject) will be (verb) in the office every day.\r\n\r\nAccounting (subject), a growing field, requires (verb) a strong understanding of math.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Subjects can be both singular and plural:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Someone\/all<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Child\/children<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Business\/businesses<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Project manager \/ project managers<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Verbs take their form from the subject, so a singular subject must have a singular noun or vice versa:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Someone is \/ all are<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Child runs \/ children run<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Business grows \/ businesses grow<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Project managers manage \/ project managers manage<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">On the surface, this might seem simple, but it is easy to get confused when phrases come between the subject and the verb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. Antecedents can come before or after the pronouns that replace them. The antecedent is the word for which the pronoun stands:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The dog (antecedent) buried <strong>its<\/strong> (pronoun) bone.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Mary moved out of <strong>her<\/strong> apartment.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Types of Pronouns<\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Personal Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Stands for a person or thing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">I, me, mine, our, you, your, he, she, it, its, him, his, her, they, them, their, and theirs<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>In action:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">She (pronoun) is my supervisor (antecedent).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indefinite Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definitions:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Does not refer to a specific person or thing and doesn\u2019t require an antecedent<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">another, any, each, few, many, some, nothing, one, anyone, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, and neither<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>In action:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Some (pronoun) of you (antecedent) aren\u2019t listening. Nothing (pronoun) will ever get done if we (antecedent) don\u2019t stop wasting time.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reflexive Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Ends with \"self\u201d; person who initiated the contact<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">myself, yourself, oneself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The engineer (antecedent) didn\u2019t run the experiment himself (pronoun). You (antecedent) aren\u2019t doing yourself (pronoun) any favors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Intensive Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Emphasizes a noun or pronoun that comes right before it; has the same form as reflexive pronouns<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">myself, yourself, oneself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The athlete (antecedent) herself (pronoun) admitted that she hadn\u2019t trained hard enough.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Interrogative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Defin<\/strong><strong>i<\/strong><strong>tion:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Begins a question and does not require an antecedent<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">who, which, what, whom, whose, whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Who (pronoun) wrote the proposal? Whatever (pronoun) you decide is fine with me.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Demonstrative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Identifies a particular thing or group<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">this, that, these, those<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This (pronoun) is my project (antecedent). That (pronoun) is your responsibility (antecedent).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reciprocal Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Shows a mutual relationship<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">each other (two), one another (more than two)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">We (antecedent) need each other (pronoun).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The members of the team (antecedent) need one another (pronoun).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Relative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Begin a relative clause<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">who, whom, which, that<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">I give the kitten to the girl who lives next door.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #ffb66c; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Important<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #ffdbb6; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When you don\u2019t know the gender of your subject, you can use a plural antecedent with a singular subject: <strong>The teacher left their books behind.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Not all antecedents are singular; some are compound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Compound Antecedents<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Compound antecedents can take three forms, and the form determines whether the antecedent takes a singular or plural pronoun.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We will start with the forms that take a singular pronoun:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>Compound Antecedents That Take a Singular Pronoun<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Two types of compound antecedents take singular pronouns:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">A compound antecedent that refers to one thing:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">In 1983, Christina McCauliffe, a <strong>teacher and an astronaut<\/strong> (compound antecedent), lost <strong>her<\/strong> (pronoun) life aboard the <em>Challenger<\/em>.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">2. Two or more antecedents joined by \"or\" or \u201cnor\u201d:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Neither McAuliffe nor the American public<\/strong> (antecedent) was prepared for <strong>her<\/strong> (pronoun) untimely death.<\/div>\r\n<h5>Compound Antecedents That Take a Plural Pronoun<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Two types of compound antecedents take plural pronouns:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Two or more antecedents joined by \"and\":<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Mike and John<\/strong> (antecedent) finished <strong>their<\/strong> (pronoun) exam.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">2. A singular antecedent followed by a plural antecedent:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Neither <strong>I<\/strong> (singular antecedent) nor my friends (plural antecedent) brought <strong>our<\/strong> (pronoun) rain gear.<\/div>\r\n<h5>The Basic Rule<\/h5>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">All pronouns can be either singular or plural, but if the pronoun is singular, the antecedent must be singular, or vice versa:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Do this<\/strong><br style=\"clear: both;\" \/><strong>The doctors<\/strong> (plural antecedent) finished <strong>their<\/strong> (plural pronoun) rounds.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Don\u2019t do this<\/strong><br style=\"clear: both;\" \/><strong>Neither<\/strong> (pronoun) <strong>movies <\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>or books<\/strong> (antecedent) <strong>appeal<\/strong> (verb) to me.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The verb takes the singular form because the compound antecedent includes the word \"or.\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Yes<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Those<\/strong> (plural demonstrative pronoun) <strong>were<\/strong> (verb) <strong>good times<\/strong> (antecedent).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Because the pronoun and antecedent are plural, the verb must be plural.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Yes<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>What<\/strong> (interrogative pronoun) is <strong>Michael<\/strong> (singular antecedent) doing?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\">No<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The <strong>students<\/strong> (plural antecedent) <strong>himself<\/strong> (singular reflexive pronoun) <strong>were<\/strong> (plural verb) glad to end the semester.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Because the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must be as well. \"The students <strong>themselves<\/strong>\" is correct.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Apostrophes<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Apostrophes have two primary purposes: to indicate a contraction and to show possession.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>To Indicate a Contraction<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Contractions are combinations of two words into one word. Contractions are normally used in informal writing. The most common contractions combine these words:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Will not = won\u2019t<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Cannot = can\u2019t<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Would not = wouldn\u2019t<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Is not = isn\u2019t<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Are not = aren\u2019t<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">It is = it\u2019s<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Would have = would\u2019ve<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Could have = could\u2019ve<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In most situations, it\u2019s fine to use contractions. They are less formal, but they also give your writing a more approachable style.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You can also use apostrophes to show possession.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>To Show Possession<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">There is the sort of possession that you understand in real life\u2014I own a dog\u2014and there is grammatical possession. Don\u2019t get the two confused. Grammatical possession is not always logical because grammatically, inanimate objects and even concepts can possess things. For example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Heart\u2019s desire<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Two months\u2019 salary<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">One week\u2019s vacation<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Employees' cafeteria<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Whether you place the apostrophe before or after the \"s\" is determined by whether the noun doing the possessing is singular or plural.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>Possession<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-top: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">boy\u2019s hat<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">boys' hat<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">animal\u2019s DNA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">animals' DNA<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">company\u2019s policy<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">companies' policy<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">child\u2019s game<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">children\u2019s game<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">When working with nouns that end in \"s,\" even though they are singular, you can either place the apostrophe after the s or use an apostrophe s:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>Possession of Words Ending in \"S\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-top: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Chris' project<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Chris\u2019s project<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Boss' day<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Boss\u2019s day<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Bosses' day<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Marcus' job<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Marcus\u2019s job<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">bus' route<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">bus\u2019s route<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">busses' route<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Quotations Marks<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You may be familiar with the use of \"air\" quotes when you speak, but you may not be as familiar with the use of quotation marks when writing. Quotation marks have many uses:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">To set off direct quotes<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">To set off some titles<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">To set off words used for emphasis or in special ways<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">To indicate non-English words<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>To Set Off Quotes<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The most common use of quotation marks is to set off direct quotes\u2014material that you take directly from another source. Basically, you place a quotation mark before the first word of the quote and after the last word of the quote:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">According to NASA, \"On January 28, 1986, <em>Challenger<\/em> broke apart shortly after launch. All seven crew members were killed.\"<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. Did you notice that you place a comma after the phrase that introduces the quote? Also, the period at the end of the sentence is placed <strong>inside<\/strong> the quotation mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\"They included Christina McAuliffe,\" NASA remembers, \"a teacher, who was aboard as part of a program to make the experience of space flight better known to the public.\"<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. If you place material that is not part of the quote within the middle of the quote, it is surrounded by commas.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The <em>Challenger<\/em> disaster seriously impacted the future of the shuttle program: \"After the <em>Challenger<\/em> disaster, NASA canceled this program and suspended all shuttle flights.\"<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. When you introduce a quote with a complete sentence, you place a colon (:) after the sentence that introduced the quote.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\"Astronauts returned to space on September 29, 1988, aboard the shuttle <em>Discovery<\/em>,\" said NASA officials.<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. When the introductory material comes after the quote, you place a comma inside the quotation mark after the quote.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You also use quotation marks to identify some titles.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>To Set Off Titles<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">While titles of long works, movies, books, and plays are italicized, titles of short works, or shorter works within a larger work (such as the chapter of a book), are placed in quotation marks:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Articles: \"Beware of the Blob\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Essays, short stories, short poems, and song lyrics: \"Brooklyn Kids\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Chapters or sections of books: \"Strategies for Writing\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Episodes of radio or TV shows: \"The Chicken and the Egg\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>To Set Off Words Used for Emphasis or in Special Ways<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Sometimes we need to draw attention to a word, show we are defining it, or show that it is non-English:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She thinks she\u2019s so \"cool.\"<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The word \"elite\" is often misused.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">It is difficult to define \"kairos.\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>With Other Punctuation<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The type of punctuation used with quotation marks determines the placement of the punctuation and whether it is part of the quote. If the quote ends in any of the following, the mark of punctuation goes inside the quotation mark:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Exclamation point<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Dash<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Question mark<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The movie \"Guess Who\u2019s Coming to Dinner?\" was recently remade.<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If the exclamation point, dash, or question mark is not part of the quote, then it goes outside the quotation mark:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Have you read \"Choose Something Like a Star\"?<\/div>\r\n<h3>Colons<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Colons are used to introduce quotes, lists, and explanations. Because we\u2019ve already talked about using colons with quotes, we won\u2019t cover it again.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>To Introduce Lists and Series<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A list or series is normally introduced by a complete sentence that is followed by a colon:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">We need to buy the following supplies for our backpacking trip: flashlights, a tent, and sleeping bags.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">We visited the following locations: Dallas, Anchorage, Phoenix, and Honolulu.<\/div>\r\n<h4>To Introduce Explanations<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Sometimes a sentence is immediately followed by an explanation. In such a case, a colon separates the statement from its explanation:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She worked hard for one reason: to attend college.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The Civil War had one cause: the disagreement over the right to own slaves.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Assess\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Today, we will study rhetoric.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Today, we (subject) will study (transitive verb) rhetoric (direct object).\r\nb. Today (subject), we will study (transitive verb) rhetoric (direct object).\r\nc. Today, we (subject) will study (intransitive verb) rhetoric (adjective).\r\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 2. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Rhetoric was taught in ancient Greece.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Rhetoric (subject) was (transitive verb) taught (direct object) in ancient Greece.\r\nb. Rhetoric (subject) was (linking verb) taught (subject complement) in ancient Greece.\r\nc. Rhetoric (subject) was (intransitive verb) taught (adjective) in ancient Greece.\r\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 3. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Isocrates was one of the first teachers.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Isocrates (subject complement) was (linking verb) one of the first teachers (subject).\r\nb. Isocrates (subject) was (transitive) one of the first teachers (direct object).\r\nc. Isocrates (subject) was (linking verb) one of the first teachers (subject complement).\r\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 4. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Sadly, the Greeks expelled him.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Sadly, the Greeks (subject) expelled (transitive verb) him (direct object).\r\nb. Sadly (subject), the Greeks (direct object) expelled (transitive verb) him.\r\nc. Sadly, the Greeks (subject) expelled (linking verb) him (direct object).\r\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a05. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">He died alone.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. He (subject) died (transitive) alone (adjective).\r\nb. He (subject) died (intransitive) alone (direct object).\r\nc. He (subject) died (intransitive) alone (adjective).\r\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n \t<li>The following is a dependent clause: When we exchange information and ideas.\r\na. True\r\nb. False<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following is a dependent clause: In the workplace\r\na. True\r\nb. False<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following is an independent clause: The most common communication is written communication.\r\na. True\r\nb. False<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following is a clause: Such as memos and emails\r\na. True\r\nb. False<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following is a phrase: Transmitting information\r\na. True\r\nb. False<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?\r\na. Good listening skills support the sharing of information in an effective way, and will boost overall communication in the workplace.\r\nb. Good listening skills: support, the sharing of information in an effective way and will boost overall communication in the workplace.\r\nc. Good listening skills support the sharing of information in an effective way and will boost overall communication in the workplace.\r\nd. Good listening skills support the sharing of information, in an effective way and will boost overall communication in the workplace.\r\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?\r\na. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism, but it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.a. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism but it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.\r\nb. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism; but, it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.\r\nc. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism, but, it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.\r\nd. None of the above.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?\r\na. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification, they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way and they reduce stress.\r\nb. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way, and they reduce stress.\r\nc. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification; they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way, and they reduce stress.\r\nd. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification, they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way, and they reduce stress.\r\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?\r\na. When they, work well together, teams thrive.\r\nb. When they work well together, teams thrive.\r\nc. When they work well together, teams thrive\r\nd. When they work well together teams thrive.\r\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?\r\na. Team-building exercises also boost morale.\r\nb. Team-building exercises also boost morale\r\nc. Team-building exercises also boost morale . . .\r\nd. Team-building ,exercises also boost morale.\r\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Engage\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The following passage contains errors in grammar and punctuation. How many can you find?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Different types of writing have different purposes. Creative writing is meant to entertain, consequently, creative writers take all sorts of liberties with there sentence structures and word choices. We do not read poetry or novels to learn how to perform tasks; but for the pure pleasure of the words and they\u2019re artistic affect. Literary works are not meant to have one unambiguous meaning.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Professional writing is meant to inform and instruct very few people will chose to read directions for designing a website. You will read them only when you want or need to design a website, you will not want to read more than is absolute necessary.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Reader\u2019s rightly expect instructions to be free of ambiguities. They simply want to achieve their goal quickly and correctly. According to some people, this style is what make informational writing different from other types of writing. The style of informational writing is always different from the style of fiction; but its the audience that determines the style choices a writer make. What really makes informational writing different from other types of writing is it\u2019s focus on meeting its audiences needs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To complete this assignment:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Cut and paste the document into Microsoft Word.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">In Microsoft Word, turn on \"Track Changes.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">In the document, correct any errors you find with \"Track Changes\" turned on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Save your document to your computer, and upload it to this discussion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">After making your revisions, view and comment on at least three of your classmates\u2019 posts and help them identify any errors they missed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Apply\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The following document contains several errors in grammar, punctuation, and word choice. Please find and correct each error. Follow this process:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Cut and paste the document into Microsoft Word.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Highlight each error you find.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Insert a blank page.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Correct each error and place them on the blank page.\r\nNote: Many of the errors you will find can be corrected using more than one method. I will accept any that are correct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Save your work<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Submit it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Six Steps for Writing Professional Emails<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If you\u2019re not sure how to start an email, these five steps can help you craft a professional message:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Identify Your Goal<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Before you write an email, ask yourself what you want the recipient to do after they\u2019ve read it. Once you\u2019ve determined the purpose of your email, you can ensure everything you include in your message supports this action. For example, if you want the recipient to review a report you\u2019ve attached, let them know what the report is, why you need them to review it, what sort of feedback you need, and when you need the task completed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Consider Your Audience<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you compose an email message, make sure your tone matches your audience; for example, if you\u2019re emailing a business executive you\u2019ve never met, keep the email polished and free of any jokes or informalities. On the other hand, if you\u2019re emailing a colleague with whom you have a good relationship, you might use a less formal, more friendly approach.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Keep It Concise<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Your audience might have little time to read through your email. Make it as brief as possible without leaving out key information. Try not to address too many subjects at once, as this can make your message lengthy, challenging to read, and difficult to take action on. When editing your email, take out any information that\u2019s irrelevant to the topic you\u2019re addressing. Use short, simple sentences by removing filler words and extraneous information. This will make your note shorter and easier to read.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Proofread Your Email<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">An error-free email demonstrates diligence and professionalism. Before you send an email, take a moment to check for any spelling, grammar, or syntax errors. Also, double-check to ensure you\u2019ve included any attachments you may have referenced in your message. If it\u2019s an important email to critical stakeholders, you might ask your direct supervisor or a trusted colleague to read over it before you send it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Use Proper Etiquette<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Include a courteous greeting and closing to sound friendly and polite. Additionally, be considerate of the recipient and their time. For example, unless it\u2019s an emergency, avoid emailing a contact asking for something after-hours or while they\u2019re on leave.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Remember to Follow Up<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Most people receive several emails per day, so they might miss or forget to respond to your message. If the recipient hasn\u2019t replied within two working days, consider reaching back out with a friendly follow-up email.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Jennifer Herrity\u2019s (2023) article \u201cHow to Write a Professional Email (With Tips and Examples)\u201d on Indeed.com is an excellent reference on writing professional emails.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Assignment Rubric<\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Superior<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Above Average<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Average<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Below Average<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\">\r\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Failing<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Content<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes all of the required elements of the assignment.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes all of the required elements, though some are underdeveloped.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes most of the required elements.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes some of the required elements.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Does not include all of the required elements.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is clear and concise and avoids unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is clear and concise and generally avoids unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is mostly clear and concise and mostly avoids unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is occasionally clear and concise but does not avoid unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The style is inappropriate or unclear.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Design<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has a clear visual hierarchy and the writer uses appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has a clear visual hierarchy and the writer uses some appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has a basic visual hierarchy and the writer occasionally uses appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document\u2019s visual hierarchy is weak and the writer doesn\u2019t use appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has no visual hierarchy.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Structure<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The organization of the document is clear and logical and makes strong use of topic sentences and transitions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The organization of the document is generally clear and logical and makes some use of topic sentences and transitions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has an organization and occasionally uses topic sentences and transitions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The structure is weak and the writer rarely uses topic sentences or transitions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has no structure.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Correctness<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has no errors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 2\u20133 errors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 4\u20135 errors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 6\u20137 errors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 8 or more errors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"correctness\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\"><strong>Learning objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Recognize the parts of speech.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Distinguish phrases from clauses.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Recognize the four types of sentences.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Understand how to punctuate the four types of sentences.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Use apostrophes and colons correctly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Learn\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">One of the best ways to ensure that others consider you a professional is to write like a professional, and professional writers don\u2019t make careless mistakes. Consider this: If you attended a presentation, would you take the information you received seriously if the speaker showed up wearing ratty jeans, flip-flops, and a stained T-shirt?<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_68\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-68\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-68\" src=\"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-300x186.jpg\" alt=\"A pair of lower legs in torn jeans and tennis shoes with no socks standing on a window ledge.\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-1024x635.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-1536x953.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-2048x1270.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-65x40.jpg 65w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-225x140.jpg 225w, https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/12\/bryan-papazov-E2MMYUsCDSU-unsplash-high-dpi-350x217.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-68\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.1 Casual wear isn\u2019t good for professional presentations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">What if the speaker passed out handouts that they\u2019d handwritten in purple pen with words crossed out and replaced?<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Fair or not, impressions matter, and when you are not physically present, your writing represents you. If your writing includes errors, you are damaging your credibility and increasing the likelihood that your readers will assume<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You don\u2019t know any better<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You\u2019re too lazy to proofread<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You don\u2019t care<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You can\u2019t be trusted to do a good job<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If this is how your colleagues assess your abilities, your career is in serious danger.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">I understand that learning about grammar and punctuation might not be your idea of fun. Honestly, I don\u2019t love exercising, but I exercise because I know the benefits outweigh the negatives (pain, sweat, etc.). The same is true when it comes to learning how to write correctly. Besides, you must know it\u2019s important, or you wouldn\u2019t have chosen this book! Grammar and punctuation are big topics, and we could devote hundreds of pages to them. But our goal isn\u2019t to cover everything.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Our goal is to give you the big pictures so that you can avoid making the most common errors. If you want more detail, you can buy the <em>Chicago Manual of Style<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We\u2019ll cover these topics in this module:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Parts of speech<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Clauses<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Phrases<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Sentence types<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Agreement<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Quotation marks, colons, and apostrophes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If we break something complicated into pieces, we can understand it more easily, so we\u2019re going to start by looking at the basic building blocks of any sentence\u2014the parts of speech, the clause, and the phrase.<\/p>\n<h3>Parts of Speech<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Before you can understand either grammar or punctuation, you have to understand the basic pieces of a sentence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We use nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Part of Speech<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Noun<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">person, place, or thing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">woman, house, Australia<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word used in place of a noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">he, his, they, it<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Verb<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word that expresses action<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">run, walk, seem, is, write<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Adverb<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word that describes anything other than a noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">quickly, cautiously, well<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Adjective<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word that describes a noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">old, broken, intelligent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">a, an, the<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Prepositions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">words that identify time or position<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">before, until, with, under<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Conjunctions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">words that combine a series of words, phrases, or clauses<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">and, but, however<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 17.1864%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Interjections<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 34.8078%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">words used to express strong emotions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 47.2806%;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">ouch!, wow!, darn!<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1864%;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8078%;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.2806%;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You will combine the parts of speech to form clauses and phrases.<\/p>\n<h3>Clauses<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">There are two types of clauses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Independent (a complete sentence): I ate dinner.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Dependent (not a complete sentence): although I ate dinner.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A sentence must have at least one independent clause, but it does not have to have a dependent clause.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 40px;\">Independent clauses must have both a noun and a verb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">The noun acts as the <strong>subject<\/strong> of the sentence\u2014who or what is doing the action of the verb.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">The verb and any adverbs or adjectives make up the <strong>predicate<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Independent clauses can also be called simple sentences:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">independent clause = simple sentence<\/p>\n<p>Every sentence must have a subject.<\/p>\n<h4>Subjects<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The bones of a sentence are its subject. The subject is either who or what is doing the action of the sentence\u2019s verb, or what the sentence is about:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>The subject is bolded in the following examples<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>The dog<\/strong> chased me down the street.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Nancy<\/strong> left the party.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>The meeting<\/strong> was canceled.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In the first sentence, the dog performs the action, and in the second sentence, Nancy does. In the last sentence, the meeting tells us what the sentence is about.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">The subject is like the bones of a body because it supports everything happening in the sentence. Subjects come in different forms, but usually subjects are one of these:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Nouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A person, place, or thing (e.g., Michael, the woman, the experiment)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Michael<\/strong> completed the experiment.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Gerunds<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A participial verb (a verb that ends in <strong>ing<\/strong>) being used as a noun (e.g., smoking, running, eating)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Running<\/strong> strengthens your heart.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A noun that renames someone or something (e.g., he, she, it, they, we, us, there)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>She<\/strong> runs five miles every day.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Relative pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">A pronoun that begins a relative clause (a type of dependent clause) (e.g., who, whom, which, that)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I know someone <strong>who<\/strong> runs ten miles a day.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Below are more examples of different subjects.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-TableCaption\">Examples of parts of speech<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Part of Speech<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>In Action<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Noun<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A person, place, or thing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Michael, the report, the supervisor<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The CFO approved the budget.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Gerund<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A participial verb (a verb that ends in \"ing\u201d) used as a noun<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Smoking, running, managing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Managing monthly expenditures is part of the job.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A noun that renames something<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">He, she, it, they, we, us, this, these<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">He accepted the position.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Relative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A pronoun that begins with a relative clause<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Who, whom, which, that<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 0 5.4pt 0 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">My supervisor, who has worked here five years, just received a promotion.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Subjects don\u2019t work alone. They need verbs to make things happen.<\/p>\n<h4>Verbs<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The portion of the sentence that contains the verb is called the predicate. The predicate is everything that comes after the subject.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-TableCaption\">Predicates in action<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">Subject<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">Predicate<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">I<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">submitted the proposal to Gary.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">George<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">sold his father\u2019s clothes to the thrift shop.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Bob<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">wants a new car for Christmas.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">The predicate always contains a verb and may also contain a direct object, possibly an indirect object, or a subject complement. Nouns always act as objects and complements. The verb will determine which of these it contains. The muscle of a clause is the verb\u2014the word or words that provide the action.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I (subject) submitted (verb) the proposal (direct object) to Gary (indirect object).<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">There are four types of verbs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Transitive<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Intransitive<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Linking<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">To be<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Transitive Verbs<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A transitive verb always takes a direct object. The direct object tells us to whom or what the action was done.<\/p>\n<h6>Direct Objects<\/h6>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A transitive verb needs a direct object to complete its meaning. This is because a transitive verb indicates an action that must be done to someone or something. For example, you can\u2019t just \"throw\" you must throw something. The something you throw is the direct object of the verb:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She threw a <strong>fit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">My father bought a new <strong>car<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">He lifted the heavy <strong>load<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In each case, the subject of the sentence does the action (threw, bought, lifted) to something (fit, car, load).<\/p>\n<h6>Indirect Objects<\/h6>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A direct object may be followed by an indirect object\u2014a noun or pronoun that tells to whom or for whom the action of the sentence is being done. For example, if you throw a ball, you normally throw it to someone. If you serve dinner, you serve it to someone.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Look at these examples:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">John threw the ball (direct object) to the boy (indirect object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The wait person served dinner (direct object) to her guests (indirect object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I told my secret (direct object ) to him (indirect object).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Indirect objects can also come before direct objects:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">John threw the boy (indirect object) his ball (direct object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The waiter served her guests (indirect object) dinner (direct object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I told him (indirect object) my secret (direct object).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">As you can see, indirect objects can come before or after the direct object. Unlike transitive verbs, intransitive verbs do not need an object to complete their meaning.<\/p>\n<h5>Intransitive Verbs<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">An intransitive verb makes sense all by itself and doesn\u2019t require an object to take its action. For example, you have to throw something, but you don\u2019t have to sleep something. You just sleep. Look at these examples:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The goldfish died.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The movie ended.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I slept.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Although intransitive verbs don\u2019t have objects, they can have adverbs that describe how the action was done:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The goldfish died <strong>suddenly<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The movie ended <strong>early<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I slept <strong>badly<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5>Linking<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A linking verb links the subject and subject complement. The subject complement describes or identifies the subject. The linking verbs include:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">look<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">become<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">stay<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">seem<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">grow<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">prove<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">smell<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">appear<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">remain<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">feel<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Linking verbs are always followed by a subject complement. The subject complement describes or renames the subject:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The cat looks <strong>sick<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The tree grew <strong>tall<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The chemicals smell <strong>terrible<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5>To Be Verbs<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To be verbs include all forms of the verb \"to be\":<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">to be<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">am<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">was<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">being<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">is<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">were<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">been<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">are<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">have been<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Like linking verbs, to-be verbs are followed by a subject complement:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The house is a <strong>mansion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Last night, I was <strong>tired<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Our experiment is a <strong>lost cause<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">While every clause must have a subject and a verb, not every clause is independent. In fact, there are three types of clauses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Independent<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Dependent<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Relative<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Understanding the difference between these three is crucial to your understanding of what a sentence is and how to punctuate it.<\/p>\n<h4>Types of Clauses<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You already know that a clause has a subject and a predicate\u2014which should mean that all clauses can stand alone. However, some clauses have been weakened by the addition of a word called a \"subordinating conjunction.\"<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Subordinating conjunctions make clauses so weak they must depend on another clause to complete their meaning and support them. These weak clauses are called \"dependent\" clauses because they cannot stand alone and must be supported by an independent clause. Clauses that begin with relative pronouns are called relative clauses. They cannot stand alone either unless they are questions. Let\u2019s look at each type of clause:<\/p>\n<h5>Independent Clauses<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">An independent clause is a simple sentence that can stand alone. It has both a subject and a verb, and depending on the type of verb, either a direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or phrase:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I like to listen (transitive verb) to music (direct object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Sara is (to-be verb) my best friend (subject complement).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I adopted (transitive verb) a new puppy (direct object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I slept (intransitive) on the sofa (prepositional phrase).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">While an independent clause can stand alone, a dependent clause must be combined with an independent clause because the independent clause completes its meaning.<\/p>\n<h5>Dependent Clauses<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you add a subordinating conjunction to an independent clause, you make it dependent. The following is a list of commonly used subordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">after<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">because<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">in order that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">than<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">when<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">although<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">before<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">now that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whenever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">though<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">where<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">as if<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">even<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">though<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">rather than<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">till<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whereas<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">as long as<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">if<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">since<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">unless<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">wherever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">as though<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">if only<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">so that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">until<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">while<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Placing any of these words at the beginning of an independent clause will make it dependent.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I like to listen to music <strong>because it relaxes me<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Although I haven\u2019t known Sara long,<\/strong> she is my best friend.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">My dog is very fat <strong>because he eats the cat\u2019s food<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In each of the examples above, we combined a dependent clause that would not make sense alone, with an independent clause that completed its meaning.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">We\u2019ll talk about this more later, but notice that you only put a comma AFTER a dependent clause when it comes BEFORE the independent clause.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5>Relative Clauses<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Relative clauses are also dependent, but in this case, they are dependent because they begin with a relative pronoun:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">which<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">what<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">who<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whom<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whatever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whose<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whoever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whomever<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Like a dependent clause, a relative clause must combine with an independent clause that finishes its meaning, <strong>unless<\/strong> it is used as a question:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I like to listen to music (independent clause) <strong>that is slow<\/strong> (relative clause) because it relaxes me (dependent clause).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Although I haven\u2019t known her long, Sara, <strong>who lives next door<\/strong> (relative clause in middle of dependent clause), is my best friend.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">My dog is very fat because he eats the cat\u2019s food, <strong>which makes the cat angry<\/strong> (relative clause).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"correctness\">\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Relative clauses can be independent when they are questions:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Who called?<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You can\u2019t have a sentence without a clause. Phrases, on the other hand, are optional rather than required.<\/p>\n<h4>Phrases<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Phrases aren\u2019t essential, but they add detail and interest. They add style.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">A phrase is a string of two or more words, but it can\u2019t stand alone as a sentence because it doesn\u2019t have both a subject and a verb; it has one or the other but not both. Consequently, phrases can provide extra information about the subject or verbs of an independent clause, and they can act as the object or complement of the subject. However, phrases cannot stand alone:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Until last night<\/strong>, I slept in a warm bed.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this example, the phrase \"until last night\" tells us when the action of the independent clause \"I slept in a warm bed\" occurred.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>For the next seven days<\/strong>, I will sleep <strong>on the hard ground<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this example, we have two phrases. The first, \"for the next seven days,\" tells us when the action occurs, and the second phrase, \"on the hard ground,\" tells us where.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Tina\u2019s <strong>big brown<\/strong> eyes quickly scanned the page of text <strong>in front of her<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this sentence, the phrase \"big brown\" describes Tina\u2019s eyes, while the phrase \"in front of her\" tells us where the text is.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I enjoy <strong>long evening walks<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In this last example, the phrase \"long evening walks\" acts as the direct object of enjoy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Phrases come in many types, but they all have one thing in common; they have either a subject OR a verb, not both:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Prepositional phrases<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Begin with prepositions: under the bridge, over the rainbow, into the wild<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I saved the proposal <strong>on my computer<\/strong><\/div>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Verbal phrases<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Begin with some form of a verb: running the meeting, to wander the world, determined to win<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I stopped her <strong>leaving the meeting<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Gerund phrases<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Like gerunds, always act as nouns: smoking paraphernalia, swimming gear<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Don\u2019t go to the beach without <strong>swimming gear<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-DefinitionTerm\"><strong>Noun phrases<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Definition\">Can work as adjectives and describe other nouns, or they can be subject complements or objects:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I don\u2019t know why she adopted the <strong>big ugly cat<\/strong> (direct object).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">John Banks, <strong>the new CFO<\/strong> (adjective), has twenty years of experience.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The new project is <strong>one big challenge<\/strong> (subject complement).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Now that you understand the building blocks of a sentence, let\u2019s talk about the different types of sentences. But first, let\u2019s look at one of those reviews we promised.<\/p>\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You can find all the review answers in the appendix at the end of the book.<\/p>\n<h4>Review 1<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each of the following as either a phrase, an independent clause, or a dependent clause.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Presenting the report<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">The engineers wrote it<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although they collaborated with the chemists<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Late last night<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">From the board of directors<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Review 2<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each clause (in bold) as dependent, independent, or relative.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Although I worked all night<\/strong>, I still didn\u2019t finish my report.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">I didn\u2019t finish <strong>because I lost my power<\/strong>, and I hadn\u2019t saved my file.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>I should know better<\/strong> since I\u2019ve been working as a technical communicator for five years.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">I had to start from scratch, <strong>which was very frustrating<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Since I\u2019ve never missed a deadline before, <strong>my team leader gave me an extension<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Review 3<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">For each sentence, identify the subject; identify the verb; determine if the verb is transitive, intransitive, linking, or to be; and determine if the verb has a direct object, indirect object, or subject complement.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">For many people, working from home is a new experience.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">It was for me.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">At first, I felt unmotivated, but I learned to stick to a schedule.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">I have become very productive, and I can do more in less time because I have no distractions.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">I will continue to work from home after the quarantine is lifted.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Sentence Types<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Now that you are familiar with the pieces that make up a sentence, you can begin combining those pieces to make the four types of sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Simple<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Compound<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Complex<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Compound complex<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To make it easier, we will use these abbreviations:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 584px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Term<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #000000; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 2.75pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Abbreviation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Independent clause<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">IC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dependent clause<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">DC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Coordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">CC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Subordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">SC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Conjunctive adverb<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">CA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Correlative conjunction<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">COC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Phrase<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">P<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Comma<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"background-color: #dddddd; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 19.5794%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Semicolon<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: 0.5pt solid #000000; padding: 0px 5.4pt; width: 79.8404%; height: 56px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Semi<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We suggest you print out this list of abbreviations and keep it by your computer for quick reference.<\/p>\n<h4>Simple Sentences<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A simple sentence is one independent clause and possibly one or more phrases. A phrase can come at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or in the middle of the sentence. A simple sentence never has more than one independent clause and never has a dependent clause.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Simple sentence: one independent clause and one or more phrases<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Look at these examples. Each sentence is followed by its formula:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Historical (adjective) events (subject) are (to-be verb) often (adverb) made (subject complement) into movies (prepositional phrase). IC + P<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: middle; background-color: #afd095; border-bottom: solid windowtext 0pt; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-ListContents\" style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt;\"><strong>Note<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #f6f9d4; border-bottom: solid windowtext 0pt; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">At the end of this chapter, we\u2019ll provide a list of all the formulas. Print that also!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">A few years ago (noun phrase), a movie (subject) based on the battle (phrase) of the Alamo (phrase) was (to-be verb) made (subject complement).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">P + IC (with two phrases embedded within it)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">A producer (subject) turned (verb) the Trojan War (direct object) into a movie (phrase).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + P<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Historical movies (subject) are (to-be verb) popular (subject complement).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5>Punctuating Simple Sentences<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Simple sentences are easy to punctuate because you only need to remember a few rules:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">A simple sentence with no phrases requires only a period at the end.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I left work early.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When a phrase comes before the independent clause, you follow it with a comma.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Late last night, I heard a screen door slam.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When a phrase comes after an independent clause, you don\u2019t need a comma.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">A taxi took my old man.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Simple sentences are very useful, but compound sentences let you show relationships between ideas.<\/p>\n<h3>Compound Sentences<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses and may include phrases. You can combine independent clauses using<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Coordinating conjunctions<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Conjunctive adverbs<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Correlative conjunctions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Because the punctuation is different for each, you need to know the difference.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You can find a list of these terms on the following pages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Coordinating <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">c<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">onjunctions, pp. 44-45<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Conjunctive <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">a<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">dverbs, pp. 45-46<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Correlative <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">c<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">onjunctions, p. 46<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">It is absolutely essential that you learn the words in these lists because the difference between using a comma and a semicolon is based on whether it follows a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Coordinating conjunctions combine independent clauses to make compound sentences. Because the list is short, you can easily memorize it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">and<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">but<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">for<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">nor<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">or<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">so<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">yet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Each of these words indicates a different relationship between the two independent clauses it combines, so choose carefully. These words help your reader understand the relationships between the concepts you are explaining:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">And: in addition to<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">But: contrast<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">For: as a result of<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Nor: neither<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Or: one or the other<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">So: cause and effect<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Yet: thus, as a result of<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I like to watch movies, <strong>but<\/strong> I prefer to read books.<\/div>\n<h4>Conjunctive Adverbs<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Conjunctive adverbs also combine one independent clause with another. However, because you have many more from which to choose, you can show more sophisticated relationships between ideas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">accordingly<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">furthermore<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">meanwhile<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">similarly<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">also<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">hence<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">moreover<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">still<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">anyway<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">however<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">nevertheless<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">then<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">besides<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">incidentally<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">next<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">thereafter<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">certainly<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">indeed<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">nonetheless<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">therefore<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">consequently<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">instead<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">now<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">thus<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">finally<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">likewise<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">otherwise<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">undoubtedly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Again, you must choose carefully to ensure that your sentences mean what you intend:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I don\u2019t want to go out to dinner; <strong>instead<\/strong>, I am learning to cook.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I have a black belt in karate, <strong>but<\/strong> I am learning Judo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Correlative Conjunctions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Correlative conjunctions are only used in pairs, and they link grammatically equal units\u2014like independent clauses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">both-and<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">neither-nor<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">either-or<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">not only\u2013but also<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">just as\u2013so<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whether-or<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To use a correlative conjunction, place one comma after the first independent clause:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Either<\/strong> you clean your room, <strong>or<\/strong> you can move out.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Both<\/strong> of us rent this apartment, <strong>and<\/strong> both of us will clean it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Not only<\/strong> are you a slob, <strong>but <\/strong>you <strong>also <\/strong>eat my food.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Punctuating Compound Sentences<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">We use three types of punctuation\u2014periods, semicolons, and commas\u2014to punctuate compound sentences. However, as I said before, in order to know which punctuation mark to use, you must recognize what type of word is combining the clauses you write:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Coordinating conjunction<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Conjunctive adverb<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Correlative conjunction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To create a compound sentence using a coordinating conjunction, follow these rules:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the first clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the coordinating conjunction after the comma.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The formula is simple:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">IC + C + CC + IC = I went on vacation, and I lost my passport.<\/div>\n<h5>Conjunctive Adverbs<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Unlike coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs take both semicolons and commas. To use a conjunctive adverb, follow these rules:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-BodyText\">\u00a0Place a semicolon after the first independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-BodyText\">Place a comma after the conjunctive adverb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You need an independent clause on either side of the conjunctive adverb in order to use a semicolon and comma. Otherwise you only use commas with the conjunctive adverb.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + Semi + SC + C + IC = I had to stay in Aruba for two extra weeks; however, I didn\u2019t mind.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC = I was, however, short on cash.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5>Correlative Conjunctions<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Like coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions only take a comma. Follow these rules when using them:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the first correlative conjunction at the beginning of the first clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the first clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the second correlative conjunction at the beginning of the second clause.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">CC + IC + C + CC + IC<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Either I enjoy watching movies, or I listen to music.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Complex Sentences<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A complex sentence must have two things\u2014at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">The dependent clause can come first or last. A clause is made independent when you add one of these as the first word of the clause:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Subordinating conjunction<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Relative pronoun<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Subordinating Conjunctions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Below is a list of commonly used subordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">after<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">if<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">though<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">although<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">in order that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">unless<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">as<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">now that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">until<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">as if<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">once<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">when<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">as though<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">rather than<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whenever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">because<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">since<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">where<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">before<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">so that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whereas<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">even though<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">wherever<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Although I\u2019ve never been to Aruba, I would like to go.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">SC + IC + C + IC<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">I may take my vacation in June rather than going home for Christmas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + SC + IC<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Relative Pronouns<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A clause can also be made dependent by the addition of a relative pronoun:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">that<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">which<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whom<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">what<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">who<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whoever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whatever<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whose<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">whomever<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The girl <strong>who<\/strong> sits next to me is my neighbor.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She just moved in, <strong>which<\/strong> is why I\u2019ve never met her.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Punctuating Complex Sentences<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Creating complex sentences using subordinating conjunctions allows you to show how one idea is supported by another.<\/p>\n<h5>Subordinating Conjunctions<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Consider the following rules when using coordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Add a subordinating conjunction to either the first or second of your independent clauses.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, place a comma after it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">As the many books written about them prove, Bonnie and Clyde were notorious gangsters.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">SC + IC + C + IC<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03. If the dependent clause is last, you do not need any punctuation but a period at the end.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">They captured the public\u2019s imagination because they were just two ordinary kids from Dallas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 24pt;\">IC + SC + IC<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5>Relative Pronouns<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use relative pronouns, how you punctuate is based on whether the information in the clause is essential or extra.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Essential: Use \"who\" or \"that\"<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-BodyText\">If the clause is essential but does not refer to a person, use \"that\" or \u201cwho\u201d and do not use commas.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">He sent for a doctor <strong>who pronounced the victim dead<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The only information that identifies the doctor is the fact that she pronounced the victim dead.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">IC + (that) DC<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Love <strong>that is blind<\/strong> is less valuable than love <strong>that is unconditional<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Because we are comparing two types of the same thing, love, the description of each type is essential, so no commas are needed. Also, notice that the dependent clause is embedded with the independent clause:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Subject + DC + To Be Verb + Subject Complement + DC + Subject + To Be Verb + Subject Complement + DC<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 22.5pt;\">2. If the clause does not contain essential information, start it with \"which\" and use commas. Also refer to people as \"who\" or \"whom\" whether the information is essential or not.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Michael, <strong>who lives next door<\/strong>, found her.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The person who found the victim is identified by his name, so where he lives is not essential.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Subject + (who) DC + Verb + Object<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The black VW bug, <strong>which was at the first dealer<\/strong>, is a better deal than the yellow VW bug, <strong>which is at this lot<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The writer has identified each car by its color, so the information about its location in not essential and commas were used.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Subject + (which) + Linking Verb + Subject Complement + Object of Complement + DC<\/div>\n<h3>Compound Complex Sentences<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A compound complex sentence is exactly what it sounds like\u2014a combination of a compound sentence with a complex sentence. So it must have these elements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">At least two independent clauses combined with either a coordinating conjunction, conjunctive adverb, or correlative conjunction.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">At least one dependent clause.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Some scientists believe the earth\u2019s climate is changing (IC) and (CC) more major storms are occurring (IC) because pollution is causing a greenhouse effect (DC).<\/div>\n<h4>Punctuating Compound Complex Sentences<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The great thing about punctuating compound complex sentences is that you simply use the rules that you have already learned for compound and complex sentences.<\/p>\n<h5>Coordinating Conjunction<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use a coordinating conjunction,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the first independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the coordinating conjunction after the comma.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the dependent clause either before or after either independent clause.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Although pollution may cause global warming, we must ask ourselves if all pollution is responsible or if only human pollution is responsible.<\/div>\n<h5>Conjunctive Adverb<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use a conjunctive adverb,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a semicolon after the first independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a subordinating conjunction after the semicolon.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place a comma after the subordinating conjunction.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Follow this with another independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Add a dependent clause before or after one of the independent clauses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">I suspect only human pollution is responsible; however, I have no data to support my hypothesis because I am not a scientist.<\/div>\n<h5>Correlative Conjunction<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you use a correlative conjunction,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the first correlative conjunction at the beginning of the first independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Place the second correlative conjunction at the beginning of the second clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Add a dependent clause before or after one of the independent clauses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Either human pollution is to blame or environmental pollution is to blame because it cannot be both.<\/p>\n<h4>Review Exercises<\/h4>\n<h5>Review 1<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each sentence type.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global, we must improve our communication skills.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise, you need to be an effective communicator if you want to move up the career ladder.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate verbally and in writing.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important, most employers rank writing as the most important skill, so you must develop your skills as a writer.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Whether you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients, the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>Review 2<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify the phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses in each sentence.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global, we must improve our communication skills.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise, you need to be an effective communicator if you want to move up the career ladder.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate verbally and in writing.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important, most employers rank writing as the most important skill, so you must develop your skills as a writer.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients, the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>Review 3<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Correct the punctuation in the following sentences.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Your skills as a writer apply to more than just writing emails, because business is all about presentation.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Owners aim to set up an effective online presence; and, that online presence requires content.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Online content helps potential customers discover the company and its products so to attain this goal, companies create websites, blogs, and social media accounts.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Quality content is a decisive factor here, therefore a person, who can present business in the best light and convince people to buy products or services, is an irreplaceable employee.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">It is time to improve your business communication skills, otherwise, your coworkers will leave you behind.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Answer Key<\/h4>\n<h5>Review 1<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify each sentence type.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global, we must improve our communication skills.<br \/>\nThis sentence is complex.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise, you need to be an effective communicator if you want to move up the career ladder.<br \/>\nThis sentence is compound.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate verbally and in writing.<br \/>\nThis sentence is simple.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important, most employers rank writing as the most important skill, so you must develop your skills as a writer.<br \/>\nThis sentence is compound complex.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Whether you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients, the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization.<br \/>\nThis sentence is complex.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>Review 2<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Identify the phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses in each sentence.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because the workplace is global (DC), we must improve our communication skills (IC).<br \/>\nThe subordinating conjunction \"because\" makes the clause \"because the workplace is global\" dependent. The next clause, \"we must improve our communication skills is an independent clause that contains the phrase, \u201cour communication skills,\" which acts as the direct object of \"improve.\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Regardless of your area of expertise (P), you need to be an effective communicator (IC) if you want to move up the career ladder (DC).<br \/>\n\"Regardless of your area of expertise\" is a phrase because it has no verb; because of your expertise, what? The phrase modifies the independent clause, which is combined with a dependent clause using the subordinating conjunction \"if.\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">You must know how to communicate (phrase as direct object) verbally and in writing (phrase acting as indirect object) (IC).<br \/>\nThe phrase \"how to communicate\" is the direct object of the verb \"know\" because it answers the question, What must you know? \"Verbally and in writing\" is the indirect object of \"communicate\" because it answers the question, How must you communicate?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Although both skills are important (DC), most employers rank writing as the most important skill (IC), so you must develop your skills as a writer (IC).<br \/>\nBecause it begins with the subordinating conjunction \"although,\" the clause \"although both skills are important\" is dependent. The next independent clause finishes its meaning and is combined with the last independent clause by the coordinating conjunction \"so.\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Because you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients (DC), the way you write can either boost or hamper your progression within the organization (IC).<br \/>\n\"Because you are connecting internally with colleagues and executives or externally to clients\" is dependent because it begins with the subordinating conjunction \"because.\" Its meaning is completed by the independent clause that follows.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>Review 3<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Correct the punctuation in the following sentences.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Your skills as a writer apply to more than just writing emails, because business is all about presentation.<br \/>\nThe comma after \"emails\" should be deleted because the dependent clause comes AFTER the independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Owners aim to set up an effective online presence; and, that online presence requires content.<br \/>\nChange the semicolon after \"presence\" to a comma, and remove the comma after \"and.\" \"And\" is a coordinating conjunction, so it only takes a comma.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Online content helps potential customers discover the company and its products, so to attain this goal, companies create websites, blogs, and social media accounts.<br \/>\nBecause \"so\" is a coordinating conjunction combining two independent clauses, a comma is needed after the first independent clause.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Quality content is a decisive factor here, therefore a person who can present business in the best light and convince people to buy products or services is an irreplaceable employee.<br \/>\nBecause \"therefore\" is a conjunctive adverb, a semicolon goes after the first independent clause, and a comma goes after \"therefore.\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">It is time to improve your business communication skills, otherwise, your coworkers will leave you behind.<br \/>\nBecause \"otherwise\" is a conjunctive adverb, a semicolon goes after the first independent clause, and a comma goes after \"otherwise.\"<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Agreement<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When we think about agreeing, we think about sharing the same opinion with someone else. Actually, grammatical agreement isn\u2019t that different. When we say a sentence agrees, we mean that the elements in the sentence are either all singular or all plural, all first, second, or third person. Specifically, we need to understand<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Subject-verb agreement<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Noun-antecedent agreement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Because you are already very familiar with subjects and verbs, we\u2019ll start there.<\/p>\n<h4>Subject-Verb Agreement<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">As you already know, every sentence has both a subject and a verb. When we are making sure our subjects and verbs agree, that\u2019s what we focus on. We can ignore any phrases or objects.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Let\u2019s look at some examples:<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Until the audit ends, I (subject) will be (verb) in the office every day.<\/p>\n<p>Accounting (subject), a growing field, requires (verb) a strong understanding of math.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Subjects can be both singular and plural:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Someone\/all<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Child\/children<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Business\/businesses<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Project manager \/ project managers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Verbs take their form from the subject, so a singular subject must have a singular noun or vice versa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Someone is \/ all are<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Child runs \/ children run<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Business grows \/ businesses grow<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Project managers manage \/ project managers manage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">On the surface, this might seem simple, but it is easy to get confused when phrases come between the subject and the verb.<\/p>\n<h4>Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. Antecedents can come before or after the pronouns that replace them. The antecedent is the word for which the pronoun stands:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The dog (antecedent) buried <strong>its<\/strong> (pronoun) bone.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Mary moved out of <strong>her<\/strong> apartment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Types of Pronouns<\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Personal Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Stands for a person or thing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">I, me, mine, our, you, your, he, she, it, its, him, his, her, they, them, their, and theirs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>In action:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">She (pronoun) is my supervisor (antecedent).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indefinite Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definitions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Does not refer to a specific person or thing and doesn\u2019t require an antecedent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">another, any, each, few, many, some, nothing, one, anyone, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, and neither<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>In action:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Some (pronoun) of you (antecedent) aren\u2019t listening. Nothing (pronoun) will ever get done if we (antecedent) don\u2019t stop wasting time.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reflexive Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Ends with \"self\u201d; person who initiated the contact<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">myself, yourself, oneself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The engineer (antecedent) didn\u2019t run the experiment himself (pronoun). You (antecedent) aren\u2019t doing yourself (pronoun) any favors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Intensive Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Emphasizes a noun or pronoun that comes right before it; has the same form as reflexive pronouns<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">myself, yourself, oneself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The athlete (antecedent) herself (pronoun) admitted that she hadn\u2019t trained hard enough.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Interrogative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Defin<\/strong><strong>i<\/strong><strong>tion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Begins a question and does not require an antecedent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">who, which, what, whom, whose, whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Who (pronoun) wrote the proposal? Whatever (pronoun) you decide is fine with me.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Demonstrative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Identifies a particular thing or group<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">this, that, these, those<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This (pronoun) is my project (antecedent). That (pronoun) is your responsibility (antecedent).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reciprocal Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Shows a mutual relationship<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">each other (two), one another (more than two)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">We (antecedent) need each other (pronoun).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The members of the team (antecedent) need one another (pronoun).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Relative Pronouns<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Begin a relative clause<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">who, whom, which, that<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dddddd; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Usage:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">I give the kitten to the girl who lives next door.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #ffb66c; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Important<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #ffdbb6; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When you don\u2019t know the gender of your subject, you can use a plural antecedent with a singular subject: <strong>The teacher left their books behind.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Not all antecedents are singular; some are compound.<\/p>\n<h4>Compound Antecedents<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Compound antecedents can take three forms, and the form determines whether the antecedent takes a singular or plural pronoun.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">We will start with the forms that take a singular pronoun:<\/p>\n<h5>Compound Antecedents That Take a Singular Pronoun<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Two types of compound antecedents take singular pronouns:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">A compound antecedent that refers to one thing:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">In 1983, Christina McCauliffe, a <strong>teacher and an astronaut<\/strong> (compound antecedent), lost <strong>her<\/strong> (pronoun) life aboard the <em>Challenger<\/em>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">2. Two or more antecedents joined by \"or\" or \u201cnor\u201d:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Neither McAuliffe nor the American public<\/strong> (antecedent) was prepared for <strong>her<\/strong> (pronoun) untimely death.<\/div>\n<h5>Compound Antecedents That Take a Plural Pronoun<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Two types of compound antecedents take plural pronouns:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Two or more antecedents joined by \"and\":<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Mike and John<\/strong> (antecedent) finished <strong>their<\/strong> (pronoun) exam.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">2. A singular antecedent followed by a plural antecedent:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Neither <strong>I<\/strong> (singular antecedent) nor my friends (plural antecedent) brought <strong>our<\/strong> (pronoun) rain gear.<\/div>\n<h5>The Basic Rule<\/h5>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">All pronouns can be either singular or plural, but if the pronoun is singular, the antecedent must be singular, or vice versa:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Do this<\/strong><br style=\"clear: both;\" \/><strong>The doctors<\/strong> (plural antecedent) finished <strong>their<\/strong> (plural pronoun) rounds.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\"><strong>Don\u2019t do this<\/strong><br style=\"clear: both;\" \/><strong>Neither<\/strong> (pronoun) <strong>movies <\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>or books<\/strong> (antecedent) <strong>appeal<\/strong> (verb) to me.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The verb takes the singular form because the compound antecedent includes the word \"or.\"<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Yes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Those<\/strong> (plural demonstrative pronoun) <strong>were<\/strong> (verb) <strong>good times<\/strong> (antecedent).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Because the pronoun and antecedent are plural, the verb must be plural.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Yes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>What<\/strong> (interrogative pronoun) is <strong>Michael<\/strong> (singular antecedent) doing?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\">No<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"padding: 0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The <strong>students<\/strong> (plural antecedent) <strong>himself<\/strong> (singular reflexive pronoun) <strong>were<\/strong> (plural verb) glad to end the semester.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Because the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must be as well. \"The students <strong>themselves<\/strong>\" is correct.<\/p>\n<h3>Apostrophes<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Apostrophes have two primary purposes: to indicate a contraction and to show possession.<\/p>\n<h4>To Indicate a Contraction<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Contractions are combinations of two words into one word. Contractions are normally used in informal writing. The most common contractions combine these words:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Will not = won\u2019t<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Cannot = can\u2019t<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Would not = wouldn\u2019t<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Is not = isn\u2019t<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Are not = aren\u2019t<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">It is = it\u2019s<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Would have = would\u2019ve<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Could have = could\u2019ve<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">In most situations, it\u2019s fine to use contractions. They are less formal, but they also give your writing a more approachable style.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You can also use apostrophes to show possession.<\/p>\n<h4>To Show Possession<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">There is the sort of possession that you understand in real life\u2014I own a dog\u2014and there is grammatical possession. Don\u2019t get the two confused. Grammatical possession is not always logical because grammatically, inanimate objects and even concepts can possess things. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Heart\u2019s desire<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Two months\u2019 salary<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">One week\u2019s vacation<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Employees' cafeteria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Whether you place the apostrophe before or after the \"s\" is determined by whether the noun doing the possessing is singular or plural.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>Possession<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-top: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">boy\u2019s hat<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">boys' hat<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">animal\u2019s DNA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">animals' DNA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">company\u2019s policy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">companies' policy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">child\u2019s game<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">children\u2019s game<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">When working with nouns that end in \"s,\" even though they are singular, you can either place the apostrophe after the s or use an apostrophe s:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\"><strong>Possession of Words Ending in \"S\"<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; border-top: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #dddddd; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Chris' project<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Chris\u2019s project<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Boss' day<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Boss\u2019s day<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Bosses' day<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Marcus' job<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Marcus\u2019s job<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">bus' route<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">bus\u2019s route<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; border-right: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.75pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.75pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">busses' route<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Quotations Marks<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">You may be familiar with the use of \"air\" quotes when you speak, but you may not be as familiar with the use of quotation marks when writing. Quotation marks have many uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">To set off direct quotes<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">To set off some titles<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">To set off words used for emphasis or in special ways<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">To indicate non-English words<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>To Set Off Quotes<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The most common use of quotation marks is to set off direct quotes\u2014material that you take directly from another source. Basically, you place a quotation mark before the first word of the quote and after the last word of the quote:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">According to NASA, \"On January 28, 1986, <em>Challenger<\/em> broke apart shortly after launch. All seven crew members were killed.\"<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. Did you notice that you place a comma after the phrase that introduces the quote? Also, the period at the end of the sentence is placed <strong>inside<\/strong> the quotation mark.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\"They included Christina McAuliffe,\" NASA remembers, \"a teacher, who was aboard as part of a program to make the experience of space flight better known to the public.\"<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. If you place material that is not part of the quote within the middle of the quote, it is surrounded by commas.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The <em>Challenger<\/em> disaster seriously impacted the future of the shuttle program: \"After the <em>Challenger<\/em> disaster, NASA canceled this program and suspended all shuttle flights.\"<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. When you introduce a quote with a complete sentence, you place a colon (:) after the sentence that introduced the quote.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\"Astronauts returned to space on September 29, 1988, aboard the shuttle <em>Discovery<\/em>,\" said NASA officials.<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #b4c7dc; vertical-align: middle; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"background-color: #dee6ef; padding: 5.75pt 5.75pt 0 5.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Look closely. When the introductory material comes after the quote, you place a comma inside the quotation mark after the quote.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">You also use quotation marks to identify some titles.<\/p>\n<h4>To Set Off Titles<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">While titles of long works, movies, books, and plays are italicized, titles of short works, or shorter works within a larger work (such as the chapter of a book), are placed in quotation marks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Articles: \"Beware of the Blob\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Essays, short stories, short poems, and song lyrics: \"Brooklyn Kids\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Chapters or sections of books: \"Strategies for Writing\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Episodes of radio or TV shows: \"The Chicken and the Egg\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>To Set Off Words Used for Emphasis or in Special Ways<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Sometimes we need to draw attention to a word, show we are defining it, or show that it is non-English:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She thinks she\u2019s so \"cool.\"<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The word \"elite\" is often misused.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">It is difficult to define \"kairos.\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>With Other Punctuation<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The type of punctuation used with quotation marks determines the placement of the punctuation and whether it is part of the quote. If the quote ends in any of the following, the mark of punctuation goes inside the quotation mark:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Exclamation point<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Dash<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Question mark<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The movie \"Guess Who\u2019s Coming to Dinner?\" was recently remade.<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If the exclamation point, dash, or question mark is not part of the quote, then it goes outside the quotation mark:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Have you read \"Choose Something Like a Star\"?<\/div>\n<h3>Colons<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Colons are used to introduce quotes, lists, and explanations. Because we\u2019ve already talked about using colons with quotes, we won\u2019t cover it again.<\/p>\n<h4>To Introduce Lists and Series<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">A list or series is normally introduced by a complete sentence that is followed by a colon:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">We need to buy the following supplies for our backpacking trip: flashlights, a tent, and sleeping bags.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">We visited the following locations: Dallas, Anchorage, Phoenix, and Honolulu.<\/div>\n<h4>To Introduce Explanations<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Sometimes a sentence is immediately followed by an explanation. In such a case, a colon separates the statement from its explanation:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">She worked hard for one reason: to attend college.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">The Civil War had one cause: the disagreement over the right to own slaves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Assess\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Today, we will study rhetoric.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Today, we (subject) will study (transitive verb) rhetoric (direct object).<br \/>\nb. Today (subject), we will study (transitive verb) rhetoric (direct object).<br \/>\nc. Today, we (subject) will study (intransitive verb) rhetoric (adjective).<br \/>\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 2. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Rhetoric was taught in ancient Greece.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Rhetoric (subject) was (transitive verb) taught (direct object) in ancient Greece.<br \/>\nb. Rhetoric (subject) was (linking verb) taught (subject complement) in ancient Greece.<br \/>\nc. Rhetoric (subject) was (intransitive verb) taught (adjective) in ancient Greece.<br \/>\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 3. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Isocrates was one of the first teachers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Isocrates (subject complement) was (linking verb) one of the first teachers (subject).<br \/>\nb. Isocrates (subject) was (transitive) one of the first teachers (direct object).<br \/>\nc. Isocrates (subject) was (linking verb) one of the first teachers (subject complement).<br \/>\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 4. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Sadly, the Greeks expelled him.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. Sadly, the Greeks (subject) expelled (transitive verb) him (direct object).<br \/>\nb. Sadly (subject), the Greeks (direct object) expelled (transitive verb) him.<br \/>\nc. Sadly, the Greeks (subject) expelled (linking verb) him (direct object).<br \/>\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a05. Which of the following options best describes the parts of this sentence?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">He died alone.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a. He (subject) died (transitive) alone (adjective).<br \/>\nb. He (subject) died (intransitive) alone (direct object).<br \/>\nc. He (subject) died (intransitive) alone (adjective).<br \/>\nd. None of the above.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>The following is a dependent clause: When we exchange information and ideas.<br \/>\na. True<br \/>\nb. False<\/li>\n<li>The following is a dependent clause: In the workplace<br \/>\na. True<br \/>\nb. False<\/li>\n<li>The following is an independent clause: The most common communication is written communication.<br \/>\na. True<br \/>\nb. False<\/li>\n<li>The following is a clause: Such as memos and emails<br \/>\na. True<br \/>\nb. False<\/li>\n<li>The following is a phrase: Transmitting information<br \/>\na. True<br \/>\nb. False<\/li>\n<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?<br \/>\na. Good listening skills support the sharing of information in an effective way, and will boost overall communication in the workplace.<br \/>\nb. Good listening skills: support, the sharing of information in an effective way and will boost overall communication in the workplace.<br \/>\nc. Good listening skills support the sharing of information in an effective way and will boost overall communication in the workplace.<br \/>\nd. Good listening skills support the sharing of information, in an effective way and will boost overall communication in the workplace.<br \/>\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\n<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?<br \/>\na. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism, but it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.a. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism but it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.<br \/>\nb. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism; but, it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.<br \/>\nc. Many companies understand the importance of constructive criticism, but, it\u2019s also important to provide employees with positive feedback to boost communication and employee work effort.<br \/>\nd. None of the above.<\/li>\n<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?<br \/>\na. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification, they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way and they reduce stress.<br \/>\nb. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way, and they reduce stress.<br \/>\nc. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification; they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way, and they reduce stress.<br \/>\nd. Because face-to-face meetings provide an opportunity for clarification, they encourage employees to communicate with others in a more effective way, and they reduce stress.<br \/>\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\n<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?<br \/>\na. When they, work well together, teams thrive.<br \/>\nb. When they work well together, teams thrive.<br \/>\nc. When they work well together, teams thrive<br \/>\nd. When they work well together teams thrive.<br \/>\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\n<li>Which sentence is punctuated correctly?<br \/>\na. Team-building exercises also boost morale.<br \/>\nb. Team-building exercises also boost morale<br \/>\nc. Team-building exercises also boost morale . . .<br \/>\nd. Team-building ,exercises also boost morale.<br \/>\ne. None of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Engage\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The following passage contains errors in grammar and punctuation. How many can you find?<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Different types of writing have different purposes. Creative writing is meant to entertain, consequently, creative writers take all sorts of liberties with there sentence structures and word choices. We do not read poetry or novels to learn how to perform tasks; but for the pure pleasure of the words and they\u2019re artistic affect. Literary works are not meant to have one unambiguous meaning.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Professional writing is meant to inform and instruct very few people will chose to read directions for designing a website. You will read them only when you want or need to design a website, you will not want to read more than is absolute necessary.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BlockText\" style=\"margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 23.75pt;\">Reader\u2019s rightly expect instructions to be free of ambiguities. They simply want to achieve their goal quickly and correctly. According to some people, this style is what make informational writing different from other types of writing. The style of informational writing is always different from the style of fiction; but its the audience that determines the style choices a writer make. What really makes informational writing different from other types of writing is it\u2019s focus on meeting its audiences needs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">To complete this assignment:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Cut and paste the document into Microsoft Word.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">In Microsoft Word, turn on \"Track Changes.\"<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">In the document, correct any errors you find with \"Track Changes\" turned on.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Save your document to your computer, and upload it to this discussion.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">After making your revisions, view and comment on at least three of your classmates\u2019 posts and help them identify any errors they missed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Apply\u2014Correctness<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">The following document contains several errors in grammar, punctuation, and word choice. Please find and correct each error. Follow this process:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Cut and paste the document into Microsoft Word.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Highlight each error you find.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Insert a blank page.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Correct each error and place them on the blank page.<br \/>\nNote: Many of the errors you will find can be corrected using more than one method. I will accept any that are correct.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Save your work<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Submit it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Six Steps for Writing Professional Emails<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">If you\u2019re not sure how to start an email, these five steps can help you craft a professional message:<\/p>\n<h4>Identify Your Goal<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Before you write an email, ask yourself what you want the recipient to do after they\u2019ve read it. Once you\u2019ve determined the purpose of your email, you can ensure everything you include in your message supports this action. For example, if you want the recipient to review a report you\u2019ve attached, let them know what the report is, why you need them to review it, what sort of feedback you need, and when you need the task completed.<\/p>\n<h4>Consider Your Audience<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">When you compose an email message, make sure your tone matches your audience; for example, if you\u2019re emailing a business executive you\u2019ve never met, keep the email polished and free of any jokes or informalities. On the other hand, if you\u2019re emailing a colleague with whom you have a good relationship, you might use a less formal, more friendly approach.<\/p>\n<h4>Keep It Concise<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Your audience might have little time to read through your email. Make it as brief as possible without leaving out key information. Try not to address too many subjects at once, as this can make your message lengthy, challenging to read, and difficult to take action on. When editing your email, take out any information that\u2019s irrelevant to the topic you\u2019re addressing. Use short, simple sentences by removing filler words and extraneous information. This will make your note shorter and easier to read.<\/p>\n<h4>Proofread Your Email<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">An error-free email demonstrates diligence and professionalism. Before you send an email, take a moment to check for any spelling, grammar, or syntax errors. Also, double-check to ensure you\u2019ve included any attachments you may have referenced in your message. If it\u2019s an important email to critical stakeholders, you might ask your direct supervisor or a trusted colleague to read over it before you send it.<\/p>\n<h4>Use Proper Etiquette<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Include a courteous greeting and closing to sound friendly and polite. Additionally, be considerate of the recipient and their time. For example, unless it\u2019s an emergency, avoid emailing a contact asking for something after-hours or while they\u2019re on leave.<\/p>\n<h4>Remember to Follow Up<\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-FirstParagraph\">Most people receive several emails per day, so they might miss or forget to respond to your message. If the recipient hasn\u2019t replied within two working days, consider reaching back out with a friendly follow-up email.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyText\">Jennifer Herrity\u2019s (2023) article \u201cHow to Write a Professional Email (With Tips and Examples)\u201d on Indeed.com is an excellent reference on writing professional emails.<\/p>\n<h3>Assignment Rubric<\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\" style=\"height: 0;\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\">\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Superior<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Above Average<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Average<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; border-top: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Below Average<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"vertical-align: bottom; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt; border: solid #000000 0.5pt;\">\n<div class=\"Table-firstRow\">\n<p class=\"import-Compact\"><strong>Failing<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Content<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes all of the required elements of the assignment.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes all of the required elements, though some are underdeveloped.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes most of the required elements.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Includes some of the required elements.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Does not include all of the required elements.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Style<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is clear and concise and avoids unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is clear and concise and generally avoids unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is mostly clear and concise and mostly avoids unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The writing is occasionally clear and concise but does not avoid unnecessary use of passive constructions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The style is inappropriate or unclear.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Design<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has a clear visual hierarchy and the writer uses appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has a clear visual hierarchy and the writer uses some appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has a basic visual hierarchy and the writer occasionally uses appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document\u2019s visual hierarchy is weak and the writer doesn\u2019t use appropriate methods of presentation such as lists and tables.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has no visual hierarchy.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The organization of the document is clear and logical and makes strong use of topic sentences and transitions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The organization of the document is generally clear and logical and makes some use of topic sentences and transitions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has an organization and occasionally uses topic sentences and transitions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The structure is weak and the writer rarely uses topic sentences or transitions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has no structure.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table-R\">\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Correctness<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">20 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has no errors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">15 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 2\u20133 errors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">10 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 4\u20135 errors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">5 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 6\u20137 errors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table-C\" style=\"border-right: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-bottom: solid #000000 0.5pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.5pt; padding: 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt 2.75pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">0 points<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The document has 8 or more errors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-25","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/revisions\/115"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/writeandcommunicate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}