{"id":24,"date":"2022-05-28T18:36:36","date_gmt":"2022-05-28T18:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/cjresearchmethods\/front-matter\/table-of-contents\/"},"modified":"2022-06-06T17:43:36","modified_gmt":"2022-06-06T17:43:36","slug":"table-of-contents","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/openbooks.library.unt.edu\/cjresearchmethods\/front-matter\/table-of-contents\/","title":{"raw":"OUTLINE OF BOOK","rendered":"OUTLINE OF BOOK"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

PREFACE<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 1: The Importance of Research Methods and Becoming an Informed Consumer of Research<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Student Apprehension Regarding Research Methods<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

How Do We Know What We Know? Sources of Knowledge<\/p>\r\n

Knowledge from Authority<\/p>\r\n

Knowledge from Tradition<\/p>\r\n

Knowledge from Common Sense<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH<\/strong> Is It Safe to Put Felons on Probation?<\/p>\r\n

Knowledge from Personal Experience<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> When Your Criminal Past Isn\u2019t Yours<\/p>\r\n

Knowledge from Media Portrayals<\/p>\r\n

Dispelling Myths: The Power of Research Methods<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> The Health Benefits of Alcohol Consumption<\/p>\r\n

Myths about Crime\u2014Drug Users Are Violent<\/p>\r\n

Myths about Police\u2014Female Police Officers Do Not Perform as Well as Males<\/p>\r\n

Myths about Courts\u2014The Death Penalty Is Administered Fairly<\/p>\r\n

Myths about Corrections\u2014Imprisonment Is the Most Severe Form of Punishment<\/p>\r\n

What Is Research and Why Is It Important to Be an Informed Consumer of Research?<\/p>\r\n

How Is Knowledge Development through Research Different?<\/p>\r\n

Being an Informed Consumer of Research<\/p>\r\n

The Research Process<\/p>\r\n

Step 1: Select a Topic and Conduct a Literature Review<\/p>\r\n

Step 2: Develop a Research Question<\/p>\r\n

Step 3: Develop a Hypothesis<\/p>\r\n

Step 4: Operationalize Concepts<\/p>\r\n

Step 5: Develop the Research Plan and Methodology<\/p>\r\n

Step 6: Execute the Research Plan and Collect Data<\/p>\r\n

Step 7: Analyze Data<\/p>\r\n

Step 8: Report Findings, Results, and Limitations<\/p>\r\n

Research in Action: Impacting Criminal Justice Operations<\/p>\r\n

Police Research Example<\/p>\r\n

Courts Research Example<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS<\/strong> The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male<\/p>\r\n

Corrections Research Example<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 2: Getting Started: The Beginnings and Pitfalls of Research<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Stanford Prison Experiment<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research<\/p>\r\n

Unethical Research<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH<\/strong> Current Applications of Classic Situational Obedience Research<\/p>\r\n

Restrictions on the Study of Human Subjects<\/p>\r\n

HEW Guidelines<\/p>\r\n

National Commission for the Protections of Human Subjects<\/p>\r\n

Institutional Review Boards<\/p>\r\n

Informed Consent<\/p>\r\n

Sensitive Issues in Criminal Justice<\/p>\r\n

Monetary Reward<\/p>\r\n

Methodological Considerations<\/p>\r\n

Confidentiality and Anonymity<\/p>\r\n

Certificates of Confidentiality<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS<\/strong> Crime Prediction Software<\/p>\r\n

A Language All Its Own<\/p>\r\n

Criminology as a Social Science<\/p>\r\n

Social Science as a Discipline<\/p>\r\n

Objectivity<\/p>\r\n

Categorizing Research<\/p>\r\n

The Role of Theory in Research<\/p>\r\n

Creating a Question and Hypothesizing<\/p>\r\n

Reliability and Validity<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> Examining the \u201cCSI Effect\u201d<\/p>\r\n

Information Literacy and the Structure of Research Papers<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>The Controversy Regarding Embryonic Stem Cell Research<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 3: Sampling Methods<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Rehabilitation versus Incarceration of Juvenile Offenders<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH<\/strong> A Snowball\u2019s Chance in Hell: Doing Fieldwork with Active Residential Burglars<\/p>\r\n

What Is Sampling?<\/p>\r\n

Uses of Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Why Sample?<\/p>\r\n

Representativeness and Generalizability<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>CDC Surveys Irk Citizens<\/p>\r\n

Sampling Error and Sample Size<\/p>\r\n

Probability Sampling Methods<\/p>\r\n

Simple Random Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Stratified Random Sampling<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS<\/strong> The Impact of Prison Rape Research<\/p>\r\n

Systematic Random Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Cluster\/Multistage Random Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Non-Probability Sampling Methods<\/p>\r\n

Convenience Sampling<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Wild West Universities<\/p>\r\n

Purposive Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Quota Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Snowball Sampling<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 4: Survey Research<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: National Crime Victimization Survey<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

Survey Components<\/p>\r\n

Issues in Survey Development: Nonresponse and Survey Design<\/p>\r\n

Nonresponse<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>What Causes Inmates to Riot?<\/p>\r\n

Survey Question Design<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Want a Job? Check the Spelling on Your Facebook Profile<\/p>\r\n

Survey Measurement Quality: Validity and Reliability<\/p>\r\n

Assessing Validity<\/p>\r\n

Increasing Validity<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>The Relationship Between Correctional Officers\u2019 Race and their Attitudes<\/p>\r\n

Increasing Validity: Using Scales and Indexes<\/p>\r\n

Assessing Reliability<\/p>\r\n

Increasing Reliability<\/p>\r\n

Survey Distribution Methods<\/p>\r\n

Self-Administered Surveys<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Survey Shows More Teens Using Synthetic Drugs<\/p>\r\n

Personal Interviews<\/p>\r\n

Which Method of Survey Distribution Should a Researcher Use?<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 5: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: The Impact of Teen Court<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

The Challenge of Establishing Cause and Effect<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment<\/p>\r\n

The Classic Experimental Design<\/p>\r\n

Major Components of the Classic Experimental Design<\/p>\r\n

The Logic of the Classic Experimental Design<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Scared Straight<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Swearing Makes Pain More Tolerable<\/p>\r\n

Variations on the Experimental Design<\/p>\r\n

Post-Test Only Experimental Design<\/p>\r\n

Experimental Design with Two Treatments and a Control Group<\/p>\r\n

Experimental Designs Are Rare in Criminal Justice and Criminology<\/p>\r\n

Quasi-Experimental Designs<\/p>\r\n

Nonequivalent Group Design<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>The Effects of Red Light Camera (RLC) Enforcement<\/p>\r\n

One-Group Longitudinal Design<\/p>\r\n

Two-Group Longitudinal Design<\/p>\r\n

The Threat of Alternative Explanations<\/p>\r\n

Selection Bias<\/p>\r\n

History<\/p>\r\n

Maturation<\/p>\r\n

Attrition or Subject Mortality<\/p>\r\n

Testing or Testing Bias<\/p>\r\n

Instrumentation<\/p>\r\n

Reactivity<\/p>\r\n

Other Potential Alternative Explanations<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 6: Qualitative Research in Criminal Justice<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study: Exploring the Culture of \u201cUrban Scrounging\u201d<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

Field Research<\/p>\r\n

The Study of Behavior<\/p>\r\n

Types of Field Research: A Continuum<\/p>\r\n

Advantages and Disadvantages of Field Research by Method<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>Youth Violence and the Code of the Street<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Application of Field Research Methods in Undercover Investigations<\/p>\r\n

Ethical Dilemmas for Field Researchers<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Field Research Hits Prime Time<\/p>\r\n

Examples of Field Research in Criminal Justice<\/p>\r\n

Case Studies<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Making Critical Choices as a Field Researcher<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 7: Unobtrusive Methods<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Crime Reporting on Cable News<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

Reactivity and the Need for Unobtrusive Research<\/p>\r\n

The Impact of Reactivity on Research Findings<\/p>\r\n

Unobtrusive Methods<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>The Lost Letter Technique<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Geographic Information Systems (GIS)<\/p>\r\n

Historical Research<\/p>\r\n

Content Analysis<\/p>\r\n

Observation<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Mock Jury Decides Scott Peterson Case<\/p>\r\n

Simulation<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>\u201cLost and Found\u201d in the Archives<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 8: Putting It All Together: Understanding and Assessing Criminal Justice Research<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Developing a Valid Racial Profiling Benchmark<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

The Research Process<\/p>\r\n

Step 1: Select a Topic and Conduct a Literature Review<\/p>\r\n

Step 2: Develop a Research Question<\/p>\r\n

Step 3: Develop a Hypothesis<\/p>\r\n

Step 4: Operationalize Concepts<\/p>\r\n

Step 5: Develop the Research Plan and Methodology<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS Road Rage Common Among Commuters<\/p>\r\n

Step 6: Execute the Research Plan and Collect Data<\/p>\r\n

Step 7: Analyze Data<\/p>\r\n

Step 8: Report Findings, Results, and Limitations<\/p>\r\n

Structure of Research Articles and Reports<\/p>\r\n

Title<\/p>\r\n

Abstract<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

Literature Review<\/p>\r\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders: Are the Right Offenders Identified and Public Safety Increased?<\/p>\r\n

Methods<\/p>\r\n

Results\/Findings<\/p>\r\n

Discussion<\/p>\r\n

Conclusion<\/p>\r\n

References<\/p>\r\n

External Indicators of Research Quality<\/p>\r\n

Researcher Reputation<\/p>\r\n

Institutional Reputation<\/p>\r\n

Journal Quality<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Are Parents Creating Einsteins or Homer Simpsons?<\/p>\r\n

Internal Indicators of Research Quality<\/p>\r\n

Questions to Ask about Research Articles<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>Factors that Influence Police Decisions Regarding Juveniles<\/p>\r\n

Article Critique: Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

CHAPTER 9: Basic Statistics for Consumers<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Gang Involvement and Violent Victimization<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/p>\r\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>The Criminal Investigation Process<\/p>\r\n

Hypothetical Research Scenario: Prison Smoking Ban<\/p>\r\n

The Situation<\/p>\r\n

The Design<\/p>\r\n

Selection of Cellblocks<\/p>\r\n

Collection of Additional Secondary Data<\/p>\r\n

Levels of Measurement Revisited<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>A Just Measure of Crime: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)<\/p>\r\n

Statistics for Examining One Variable<\/p>\r\n

Measures of Central Tendency<\/p>\r\n

Measures of Variation<\/p>\r\n

Statistics for Examining Two Variables<\/p>\r\n

WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE <\/strong>OPERATIONS<\/strong> Why is .05 the Traditional Level Indicating Statistical Significance?<\/p>\r\n

Testing for a Statistically Significant Relationship<\/p>\r\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> STATS.ORG: The Numbers behind the News<\/p>\r\n

Statistics for Examining More Than Two Variables<\/p>\r\n

OLS Regression<\/p>\r\n

Logistic Regression<\/p>\r\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\r\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n

Endnotes<\/p>\r\n

APPENDIX A: The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

GLOSSARY<\/p>\r\n\r\n

<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

PREFACE<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 1: The Importance of Research Methods and Becoming an Informed Consumer of Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Student Apprehension Regarding Research Methods<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

How Do We Know What We Know? Sources of Knowledge<\/p>\n

Knowledge from Authority<\/p>\n

Knowledge from Tradition<\/p>\n

Knowledge from Common Sense<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH<\/strong> Is It Safe to Put Felons on Probation?<\/p>\n

Knowledge from Personal Experience<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> When Your Criminal Past Isn\u2019t Yours<\/p>\n

Knowledge from Media Portrayals<\/p>\n

Dispelling Myths: The Power of Research Methods<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> The Health Benefits of Alcohol Consumption<\/p>\n

Myths about Crime\u2014Drug Users Are Violent<\/p>\n

Myths about Police\u2014Female Police Officers Do Not Perform as Well as Males<\/p>\n

Myths about Courts\u2014The Death Penalty Is Administered Fairly<\/p>\n

Myths about Corrections\u2014Imprisonment Is the Most Severe Form of Punishment<\/p>\n

What Is Research and Why Is It Important to Be an Informed Consumer of Research?<\/p>\n

How Is Knowledge Development through Research Different?<\/p>\n

Being an Informed Consumer of Research<\/p>\n

The Research Process<\/p>\n

Step 1: Select a Topic and Conduct a Literature Review<\/p>\n

Step 2: Develop a Research Question<\/p>\n

Step 3: Develop a Hypothesis<\/p>\n

Step 4: Operationalize Concepts<\/p>\n

Step 5: Develop the Research Plan and Methodology<\/p>\n

Step 6: Execute the Research Plan and Collect Data<\/p>\n

Step 7: Analyze Data<\/p>\n

Step 8: Report Findings, Results, and Limitations<\/p>\n

Research in Action: Impacting Criminal Justice Operations<\/p>\n

Police Research Example<\/p>\n

Courts Research Example<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS<\/strong> The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male<\/p>\n

Corrections Research Example<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 2: Getting Started: The Beginnings and Pitfalls of Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Stanford Prison Experiment<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research<\/p>\n

Unethical Research<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH<\/strong> Current Applications of Classic Situational Obedience Research<\/p>\n

Restrictions on the Study of Human Subjects<\/p>\n

HEW Guidelines<\/p>\n

National Commission for the Protections of Human Subjects<\/p>\n

Institutional Review Boards<\/p>\n

Informed Consent<\/p>\n

Sensitive Issues in Criminal Justice<\/p>\n

Monetary Reward<\/p>\n

Methodological Considerations<\/p>\n

Confidentiality and Anonymity<\/p>\n

Certificates of Confidentiality<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS<\/strong> Crime Prediction Software<\/p>\n

A Language All Its Own<\/p>\n

Criminology as a Social Science<\/p>\n

Social Science as a Discipline<\/p>\n

Objectivity<\/p>\n

Categorizing Research<\/p>\n

The Role of Theory in Research<\/p>\n

Creating a Question and Hypothesizing<\/p>\n

Reliability and Validity<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> Examining the \u201cCSI Effect\u201d<\/p>\n

Information Literacy and the Structure of Research Papers<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>The Controversy Regarding Embryonic Stem Cell Research<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 3: Sampling Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Rehabilitation versus Incarceration of Juvenile Offenders<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH<\/strong> A Snowball\u2019s Chance in Hell: Doing Fieldwork with Active Residential Burglars<\/p>\n

What Is Sampling?<\/p>\n

Uses of Sampling<\/p>\n

Why Sample?<\/p>\n

Representativeness and Generalizability<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>CDC Surveys Irk Citizens<\/p>\n

Sampling Error and Sample Size<\/p>\n

Probability Sampling Methods<\/p>\n

Simple Random Sampling<\/p>\n

Stratified Random Sampling<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS<\/strong> The Impact of Prison Rape Research<\/p>\n

Systematic Random Sampling<\/p>\n

Cluster\/Multistage Random Sampling<\/p>\n

Non-Probability Sampling Methods<\/p>\n

Convenience Sampling<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Wild West Universities<\/p>\n

Purposive Sampling<\/p>\n

Quota Sampling<\/p>\n

Snowball Sampling<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 4: Survey Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: National Crime Victimization Survey<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

Survey Components<\/p>\n

Issues in Survey Development: Nonresponse and Survey Design<\/p>\n

Nonresponse<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>What Causes Inmates to Riot?<\/p>\n

Survey Question Design<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Want a Job? Check the Spelling on Your Facebook Profile<\/p>\n

Survey Measurement Quality: Validity and Reliability<\/p>\n

Assessing Validity<\/p>\n

Increasing Validity<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>The Relationship Between Correctional Officers\u2019 Race and their Attitudes<\/p>\n

Increasing Validity: Using Scales and Indexes<\/p>\n

Assessing Reliability<\/p>\n

Increasing Reliability<\/p>\n

Survey Distribution Methods<\/p>\n

Self-Administered Surveys<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Survey Shows More Teens Using Synthetic Drugs<\/p>\n

Personal Interviews<\/p>\n

Which Method of Survey Distribution Should a Researcher Use?<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 5: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: The Impact of Teen Court<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

The Challenge of Establishing Cause and Effect<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment<\/p>\n

The Classic Experimental Design<\/p>\n

Major Components of the Classic Experimental Design<\/p>\n

The Logic of the Classic Experimental Design<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Scared Straight<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Swearing Makes Pain More Tolerable<\/p>\n

Variations on the Experimental Design<\/p>\n

Post-Test Only Experimental Design<\/p>\n

Experimental Design with Two Treatments and a Control Group<\/p>\n

Experimental Designs Are Rare in Criminal Justice and Criminology<\/p>\n

Quasi-Experimental Designs<\/p>\n

Nonequivalent Group Design<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>The Effects of Red Light Camera (RLC) Enforcement<\/p>\n

One-Group Longitudinal Design<\/p>\n

Two-Group Longitudinal Design<\/p>\n

The Threat of Alternative Explanations<\/p>\n

Selection Bias<\/p>\n

History<\/p>\n

Maturation<\/p>\n

Attrition or Subject Mortality<\/p>\n

Testing or Testing Bias<\/p>\n

Instrumentation<\/p>\n

Reactivity<\/p>\n

Other Potential Alternative Explanations<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 6: Qualitative Research in Criminal Justice<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study: Exploring the Culture of \u201cUrban Scrounging\u201d<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

Field Research<\/p>\n

The Study of Behavior<\/p>\n

Types of Field Research: A Continuum<\/p>\n

Advantages and Disadvantages of Field Research by Method<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>Youth Violence and the Code of the Street<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Application of Field Research Methods in Undercover Investigations<\/p>\n

Ethical Dilemmas for Field Researchers<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Field Research Hits Prime Time<\/p>\n

Examples of Field Research in Criminal Justice<\/p>\n

Case Studies<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Making Critical Choices as a Field Researcher<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 7: Unobtrusive Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Crime Reporting on Cable News<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

Reactivity and the Need for Unobtrusive Research<\/p>\n

The Impact of Reactivity on Research Findings<\/p>\n

Unobtrusive Methods<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>The Lost Letter Technique<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Geographic Information Systems (GIS)<\/p>\n

Historical Research<\/p>\n

Content Analysis<\/p>\n

Observation<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Mock Jury Decides Scott Peterson Case<\/p>\n

Simulation<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>\u201cLost and Found\u201d in the Archives<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 8: Putting It All Together: Understanding and Assessing Criminal Justice Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Developing a Valid Racial Profiling Benchmark<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

The Research Process<\/p>\n

Step 1: Select a Topic and Conduct a Literature Review<\/p>\n

Step 2: Develop a Research Question<\/p>\n

Step 3: Develop a Hypothesis<\/p>\n

Step 4: Operationalize Concepts<\/p>\n

Step 5: Develop the Research Plan and Methodology<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS Road Rage Common Among Commuters<\/p>\n

Step 6: Execute the Research Plan and Collect Data<\/p>\n

Step 7: Analyze Data<\/p>\n

Step 8: Report Findings, Results, and Limitations<\/p>\n

Structure of Research Articles and Reports<\/p>\n

Title<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

Literature Review<\/p>\n

WHAT RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPERATIONS <\/strong>Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders: Are the Right Offenders Identified and Public Safety Increased?<\/p>\n

Methods<\/p>\n

Results\/Findings<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

External Indicators of Research Quality<\/p>\n

Researcher Reputation<\/p>\n

Institutional Reputation<\/p>\n

Journal Quality<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>Are Parents Creating Einsteins or Homer Simpsons?<\/p>\n

Internal Indicators of Research Quality<\/p>\n

Questions to Ask about Research Articles<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>Factors that Influence Police Decisions Regarding Juveniles<\/p>\n

Article Critique: Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

CHAPTER 9: Basic Statistics for Consumers<\/strong><\/p>\n

Case Study<\/strong>: Gang Involvement and Violent Victimization<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

CLASSICS IN CJ RESEARCH <\/strong>The Criminal Investigation Process<\/p>\n

Hypothetical Research Scenario: Prison Smoking Ban<\/p>\n

The Situation<\/p>\n

The Design<\/p>\n

Selection of Cellblocks<\/p>\n

Collection of Additional Secondary Data<\/p>\n

Levels of Measurement Revisited<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS <\/strong>A Just Measure of Crime: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)<\/p>\n

Statistics for Examining One Variable<\/p>\n

Measures of Central Tendency<\/p>\n

Measures of Variation<\/p>\n

Statistics for Examining Two Variables<\/p>\n

WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS: IMPACTING CRIMINAL JUSTICE <\/strong>OPERATIONS<\/strong> Why is .05 the Traditional Level Indicating Statistical Significance?<\/p>\n

Testing for a Statistically Significant Relationship<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE NEWS<\/strong> STATS.ORG: The Numbers behind the News<\/p>\n

Statistics for Examining More Than Two Variables<\/p>\n

OLS Regression<\/p>\n

Logistic Regression<\/p>\n

Chapter Summary<\/p>\n

Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

APPENDIX A: The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault<\/strong><\/p>\n

GLOSSARY<\/p>\n

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